Bitumen manufacture

There are several processes to manufacture bitumen from crude oil  

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Special bitumens, according to CEN EN 12597 (2000), are bitumens manufactured by processes and from feedstocks chosen to confer special properties that meet stringent requirements for paving or industrial applications. 

Almost all of the cyclohexane that is produced in concentrated form is used as a raw material in the first step of nylon-6 and nylon-6,6 manufacture. Cyclohexane also is an excellent solvent for cellulose ethers, resins, waxes (qv), fats, oils, bitumen, and mbber (see Cellulose ethers Resins, natural Fats AND FATTY OILS Rubber, NATURAL). When used as a solvent, it usually is in admixture with other hydrocarbons. However, a small amount is used as a reaction diluent in polymer processes. 

The use of petroleum or derived materials, such as asphalt, and the heavier nonvolatile cmde oils is an old art (2). In fact, petroleum utilization has been documented for more than five thousand years. The earliest documented uses occurred in Mesopotamia (ancient Iraq) when it was recognized that the nonvolatile derivatives (bitumen or natural asphalt and manufactured asphalt) could be used for caulking and as an adhesive for jewelry or as a mastic for constmction purposes. There is also documented use of bitumen for medicinal use. 

Built-Up Roofing. Built-up roofing (BUR) is a continuous-membrane covering manufactured on-site from alternate layers of bitumen, bitumen-saturated or coated felts, or asphalt-impregnated glass mats and surfacings. These membranes are generally appHed with hot bitumens or cold apphed bituminous adhesives (qv). 

Timber-preservation creosotes are mainly blends of wash oil, strained anthracene oil, and heavy oil having minor amounts of oils boiling in the 200—250°C range. Coal-tar creosote is also a feedstock for carbon black manufacture (see Carbon, carbon black). Almost any blend of tar oils is suitable for this purpose, but the heavier oils are preferred. Other smaller markets for creosote were for fluxing coal tar, pitch, and bitumen in the manufacture of road binders and for the production of horticultural winter wash oils and disinfectant emulsions. 

Asphalt [8052-42-4] is defined by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) (1) as a dark brown to black cementitious material in which the predominating constituents are bitumens that occur in nature or are obtained in petroleum processing. Bitumen is a generic term defined by ASTM as a class of black or dark-colored (soHd, semisoHd, or viscous) cementitious substances, natural or manufactured, composed principally of high molecular weight hydrocarbons, of which asphalts, tars, pitches, and asphaltites are typical. 

More recendy, asphalts have been defined as the manufactured materials that are produced during petroleum processing whereas bitumens have been defined as the naturally occurring materials (5,6). That is, petroleum and related materials can be divided into various class subgroups ... 

M. W. Shuey and R. S. Custer. Quebracho-modified bitumen compositions, method of manufacture and use. Patent US 5401308,1995. 

During manufacture it is important that the fuse should not be allowed to stand in the molten bitumen, or the core may be penetrated. The time for such faults to develop depends on the construction of the fuse, and is shorter the lower the potassium nitrate content of the powder and the... 

Of course, TPS are formulated with fillers, oils and other additives like other thermoplastics. Generally, SBS is preferred for the manufacture of footwear and other similar parts, and the modification of bitumen and asphalt. 

Uses Manufacture of nylon solvent for cellulose ethers, fats, oils, waxes, resins, bitumens, crude rubber paint and varnish removers extracting essential oils glass substitutes solid fuels fungicides gasoline and coal tar component organic synthesis. 

Soda (nitrum) is also briefly described. Saltpeter, its origin and production from earth in which it has rested many years, and from exudations from stone walls of wine cellars and dark places is described much as by Biringuc-cio, from whose work it appears to have been somewhat condensed. Then follows the manufacture of alum, vitriol, sulphur, bitumen and finally of glass of which he gives a clear and interesting description concluding ... 

The length of the fuse will depend on the safety period required. The structure of the fuse comprises (proceeding from the fuse interior outwards) a black powder core with one or two marking threads, the color of which indicates the identity of the manufacturer, two or three layers of yarn wound around it (jute, cotton, or some other yarn), a bitumen impregnation, and a plastic coating. 

Asphalt suffers from the uncertainty of meaning of the Greek word asphaltos and of its correspondence to related words in ancient Near Eastern languages (2). In modern terminology the term refers to a natural or manufactured mixture of mineral fines and bitumen. 

Oil-wet materials, sand, and clay, separated from either oil or water layers, are washed with the solvent or diluent until they are free of bitumen and the residual solvent is stripped from the mineral matter with steam. The mineral matter is clean and is sent to waste or used as fill without danger of spontaneous combustion, or it is used in cement manufacture. The aqueous phases condensed from such stripping and from the decanter of the azeotropic system has so little solvent, in hundredths of a percent, that it is neglected. It evaporates readily in open storage. This distilled water is used for any suitable purpose. 

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