Near Eastern, ancient

Baer, N. S. and N. Indictor (1974), Chemical investigations of ancient Near Eastern archaeology ivory artifacts, in Beck, C. W. (ed.), Archaeological Chemistry, Advances in Chemistry Series, Vol. 1, ACS, Washington, DC, pp. 241-251. 

Badler, V. R., McGovern, P. E., and Michel, R. H. (1990). Drink and be merry Infrared spectroscopy and ancient near eastern wine. MASCA Research Papers in Science and Archaeology, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania 7 25-36. 

The SBL Handbook of Style For Ancient Near Eastern, Biblical, and Early Christian Studies. Peabody, MA Hendrickson Publishers. 

With the aid of color illustrations Harrell and Russell (I) have shown some of the color changes that can occur in several clay bodies when the furnace atmosphere is varied from oxidizing to reducing and when its moisture content is controlled. Brownell (2) has summarized the roles of several factors influencing the development of scummed surfaces on brick and other structural clay products. Matson (3) has discussed the relationship of the firing temperatures of ancient Near Eastern pottery and the colors developed together with other physical properties of the wares. 

Chemical Investigations of Ancient Near Eastern Archaeological Ivory Artifacts... 

Table VIII. Comparison of Composite" Values for Analyses of Excavated Ancient Near Eastern Ivory Specimens with Specimens of Unknown Provenance...

Related Problems. The first question to be resolved in examining an Ancient Near Eastern ivory object of unknown provenance is its antiquity. Perhaps equally significant is the question of assignment to a specific archaeological site. This problem, as yet unexplored, may ultimately depend on the study of trace element distributions for its technical resolution. 

Ancient Near Eastern Ivories in the British Museum, British Museum, London, 1957. 

Goren, Y. Finkelstein, I. Na aman, N. Inscribed in Clay Provenance Study of the Amarna Tablets and Other Ancient Near Eastern Texts, Tel Aviv Monograph Series No. 23. Institute of Archaeology Tel Aviv, 2004 pp 18-19, 295. 

Baer, N. S., Indictor, N., Chemical Investigations of Ancient Near Eastern... 

Asphalt suffers from the uncertainty of meaning of the Greek word asphaltos and of its correspondence to related words in ancient Near Eastern languages (2). In modern terminology the term refers to a natural or manufactured mixture of mineral fines and bitumen. 

The first archaeoli cal record of bronze production in China comes from an Eifitou Culture (1700 B.C.) site in Henan, Shanxi, China [6]. Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin (althou in ancient China, lead was also fi equently used). The eailiest known Chinese bronze object is shown in Figure 1.4, uiiich has 92% copper and 7% tin. This wine cup displays the basic metalworking features of the Chinese Bronze Age, which are sharply different from Near Eastern and Western traditions. This alloy is not an accident but a deliberate choice and indicates that a complex metalluigical infiastructure was in place to mine the ores of both metals and then smelt each ore to its respective metals. 

Ancient Near Eastern Ivory Artifacts III. Fluorine and Nitrogen Composition, Adv. Chem. Ser. (1978) 171,139. 

Tn a recent study we examined samples taken from ivory artifacts exca-vated at Hasanlu, Acem Hiiyiik, and Nimrud. Elemental analyses were obtained for carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen (I). The results for specimens of known provenance were used to develop preliminary criteria for Ancient Near Eastern archaeological ivory artifacts of uncertain provenance. The useful results obtained in that work suggested an extension of similar observations to other excavation sites in the Ancient Near East (Megiddo and Khorsabad). The range of analyses was extended to include fluorine. 

Table I. Ancient Near Eastern Archaeological Sites and Period Attributions of Specimens Examined...

Additional Methods of Analysis. Racemization studies (11,12,13) hold considerable promise for the dating of ancient bone samples. If the diflBculties of shorter time span compared with those already studied, limited sample universe, and nonuniform burial conditions can be overcome, the application of this procedure to Ancient Near Eastern ivory specimens would be useful. Also of interest is the possibility (19,20,21,... 

H. F. J. Horstmanshoff, M. Stol, and C. Tilburg. 2004. Magic and Rationality in Ancient Near Eastern and Graeco-Roman Medicine. Leiden Brill Publishers. 

Pritchard, J.B., Ed. (1955) Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament, Princeton University Press, Princeton, p. 229. Describes the conditions endured by miners during Egyptian times. 

Hans M. Barstad, No Prophets Recent Developments in Biblical Prophecy Research and Ancient Near Eastern Prophecy, JSOT 57 (1993) 39-60. 

See A Productive Textual Error in Isaiah 238-19, >n Essc fs on Ancient Israel in Its Near Eastern Context A Tribute to Nadav Na aman, ed. Y. Amit et al. (Winona Lake, in Eisenbrauns, 2006), 377 88, and A Critical and ExegeticcU Commentary on Isaiah 1-27,1 Isaiah 7 5(icc London T T Clark, 2006), 201-3and 228-29. 

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