Bittersweet

U.S. definitions and standards for chocolate are quite specific (19). Sweet chocolate must contain at least 15% chocolate Hquor by weight and must be sweetened with sucrose or mixtures of sucrose, dextrose, and com symp soflds ia specific ratios. Semisweet chocolate and bittersweet chocolate, though often referred to as sweet chocolate, must contain a minimum of 35% chocolate Hquor. The three products, sweet chocolate, semisweet chocolate, and bittersweet chocolate, are often simply called chocolate or dark chocolate to distinguish them from milk chocolate. Table 6 gives some typical formulations for sweet chocolates (5). 

Alpha-gras, n. alfa grass, esparto, -milchsaure, /. (,o -)lactic acid, -naphtol, n. alpha naphthol, a-naphthol (l-naphthol). -strahlen, m.pl. alpha rays, -zellstoff, m. alpha cellulose. Alpranken, f.pl. bittersweet (Solanum dulcamara). 

Bitter sUss, n. bittersweet, -silssigkelt, /. bit-teraweetness. -tropfen, m.pt. bitters, -was-ser, n. bitter water (containing Epsom salt) (Pharm.) bitter-almond water, -wurzel, /. gentian root. 

Atropine and its ether analog scopolamine (hyoscine) are potent alkaloids that are found as active compounds in a large number of plants around the world (belladonna alkaloids). The deadly nightshades ( European bittersweet, Solanum dulcamara or belladonna, belladonna) were used in the Mid-... 

Most chocolate is consumed in the form of chocolate confectionery. Sweet chocolate is produced from chocolate liquor with the addition of sugar and cocoa butter. Sometimes called dark chocolate, sweet chocolate must contain at least 15% chocolate liquor, but may contain as much as 50%. Semisweet or bittersweet chocolate consists of a minimum of 35% chocolate liquor. The chocolate liquor content results in sweet and semisweet chocolate containing the highest amount of theobromine and caffeine per serving of any type of chocolate confectionery (Table 9). Within brands of sweet chocolate, there is wide variation in the methylxanthine... 

As Midgley s health worsened, a cascade of awards rained down on him. To a dying man, they must have seemed bittersweet, like eulogies for the dead. In 1944, after 10 years as chairman of the board of the American Chemical Society, Midgley was also elected its president. No one else in the twentieth century, much less a mechanical engineer, has held both posts... 

A native of London, England, Bernard Miller lived and worked in twenty different nations over a period of thirty years. Travel and adventure shaped his life and work as an employee of the United Nations, the European Parliament and the European Union. In the following narrative he comments on the environmental health policies he has seen in action in various countries. Those comments are inspiring but bittersweet to me, because the U.S. compares so unfavorably. 

Brown-Standridge, F. (2000) Healing bittersweet legacies revisiting contextual family therapy for grandparents raising children in crisis. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy 26, 2, 185-197. 

Angelica root oil is obtained by steam distillation of the dried roots of Angelica archangelica L. [Archangelica officinalis (Moench) Hoffm.], a plant occurring predominantly in Europe (Apiaceae). The oil is a pale yellow to deep amber liquid with a green, herbaceous, peppery, musk-like odor and a bittersweet taste. 

Celastrus alatus Thunb. C. striatus Thunb. (Syn. Evonymus alatus) Wei Mao (Bittersweet) See Evonymus alatus ... 

Since one starts with a less ordered material, cleaved PG basal plane has a much higher defect density. The bittersweet result is that the electrode behavior is more reproducible than that of HOPG, but one can never achieve low enough defect density to study true basal plane. Dryhurst has described the use of basal plane PG electrodes in detail [1], with the most common pretreatment being pol-... 

Chocolate has antioxidant properties for low-density lipoproteins and hence could prevent heart disease. Foods and beverages derived from cocoa beans have been consumed by humans since 460 a.d. Cocoa pods from the cocoa tree (Theobroma cacao) are harvested and the beans removed and fermented. Dried and roasted beans contain about 300 chemicals including caffeine, theobromine, and phenethylamine. Chocolate liquor is prepared by finely grinding the nib of the cocoa bean and is the basis for all chocolate products. Cocoa powder is made by removing part of the cocoabutter from the liquor. Bittersweet chocolate, sometimes called dark chocolate, contains between 15 and 60% chocolate liquor, the remainder being cocoa butter, sugar, and other additives. Milk chocolate is the predominant form of chocolate consumed in the U.S. and typically contains 10 to 12% chocolate liquor. 

Cacao Nibs Cacao nibs are crushed bits of cacao beans—which are actually not beans at all, but seeds from the Theobroma plant. Most often, these beans are dried or roasted and then extracted to make cocoa butter for chocolate, or ground into powder to make cocoa powder. Cacao nibs are crushed cacao beans that have not been made into chocolate or cocoa powder. You can find them raw or roasted, and they resemble espresso beans in texture and crunch. They contain no added sugar, so they re bittersweet. They add great texture to cookies—I even use them as a topping for ice cream. They can be found at most specialty and health-food stores or online. Make sure you buy the finely ground variety. 

Goldies, my organic twist on a Twinkie, have become one of my most notorious treats. I like to bake these with the Easiest Chocolate Cake (page 42) a base, as it s the perfect partner to the sweet, creamy filling and dark, almost bittersweet ganache. For a chic finish, I brush them with gold metallic dust. 

Development work is always rewarding, even when bittersweet. 

Solarium dulcamara (bittersweet) (Solanaceae) Jasmonic acid-inducible potato API homologue Cathepsin D [124]... 

Petitgrain Oil, Paraguay Type, occurs as a yellow to brown-yellow liquid with a somewhat harsh, bittersweet, floral odor. It is the volatile oil obtained by steam distillation from the leaves and small twigs of the bitter orange tree, Citrus auran-tium L. subspecies amara (Fam. Rutaceae). It is soluble in most fixed oils and is soluble, with opalescence or turbidity,... 

PROP Extracted from roots of Angelica archangelica L. A pale-yeUow to amber liquid pungent odor with bittersweet taste. Sol in fixed oils sltly sol in mineral oil insol in glycerin, propylene glycol. 

Bittersweet nightshade Solanum dulcamara Solasonine in stem and unripe berries Anticholinergic toxicity Toxic effects with >10 berries fatal adult dose 200 berries... 

Ingredient Sweet Primary taste Bittersweet Bitter Flavor characteristic... 

Bittersweet nightshade Solanum dulcamara Cardiac toxicity... 

The genera in the family of Celastraceae (Table 1) include bittersweet and khat. 

Campanulaceae (bellflower) Cannabaceae Capparaceae (caper) Celastraceae (bittersweet)... 

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