Bitter fennel

Macedonian fennel yields a verv similar oil. Wild bitter fennel, growing in France, Spain, and Algeria, yields an oil of specidc gravity 0-90.5 to 0 92.5 and an optical rotation up to 50. ft is practically free from anethol. Indian fennel oil has a specific gravity "970 and au optical rotation + 21°. 

Wild bitter fennel oil differs considerably from the ahcve-described oils. Its specific gnivily varies from 0 L05 to 0 925, aud optical rotation + 40° to + 66 - -Anethol is present onlv in traces, but a [air amount of phellandrene is present. Tardy isolated from this oil a crystalline compound melting at 213", which is possibly di-para-1 Bull. Sat. Chin., xvil, 660. 

He found that the d-phellandrene from elemi and bitter fennel oils were identical, and that i-phellandrene from eucalyptus oil is the laevo-rotatory variety of the same terpene. To these he assigned the names d-a-phellandrene and i-a-phellandrene. The d-phellandrene from water fennel oil differs from these and is named d-/3-phellandrene. The following are the characters of the purest specimens of natural phellandrene yet obtained —... 

The two enantiomers of fenchone occur in a number of essential oils. Optically pure (15) (-f)-fenchone has been detected in bitter fennel oil Foeniculum vulgare var. vulgare) and in sweet fennel oil F. vulgare var. dulce) from various sources.It has also been reported to exist in... 

Bitter fennel Foeniculum vulgare MU , subsp. vulgare var. vulgare ( )-Anethole (55-75), fenchone (12-26), limonene (1-5)... 

Parejo et al. (2004) identified caffeoyl-quinic acids, dicaffeoylquinic acids, flavonoids and rosmarinic acid among ten main antioxidant phenolic compounds from bitter fennel, F. vulgare, using a simple high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Distilled fennel was found to contain a higher proportion of antioxidant phenolic compounds than non-distilled plant material. 

Fennel oleoresin is prepared by solvent extraction of whole seeds and normally contains a volatile oil of 50% or a guaranteed content in the range of 52-58%. Only small quantities are produced for specific uses as it is not a substitute for fennel oil. Chemical analysis by Barazani et al. (2002) of the volatile fraction of oleoresins from fruits of seven natural populations of F. vulgare var. vulgare (bitter fennel) from the wild and after cultivation indicated the presence of two groups of populations. Chemotypic differentiation (relative contents of estragole and trans-anethole) or phenotypic plasticity increases within-species chemical variability, but the specific ecological roles of these essential oils remain to be uncovered. 

Akgul, A. and Bayrak, A. (1 988) Comparative volatile oil composition of various parts from Turkish bitter fennel (Foeniculum vulgare var. vulgare). Food Chemistry 30(4), 319-323. 

Gross, M., Friedman, J., Dudai, N., Larkov, O., Cohen, Y., Ravid, E.B.U., Putievsky, E. and Lewinsohn, E. (2002) Biosynthesis of estragole and t-anethole in bitter fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill. var. vulgare) chemotypes. Changes in SAM phenylpropene O-methyltransferase activities during development. Plant Science 1 63(5), 1 047-1 053. 

SYNS BITTER FENNEL OIL FENCHEL OEL (GERMAN) OIL OF FENNEL... 

Bitter Fennel Oils Sweet Fennel Oils... 

The essential oil of fennel seeds from the USA, Germany and India was separated by steam distillation or selective C02-extraction. Both procedures gave similar essential oil yields of about 6% for the German and US material (bitter fennel) and 2% for the Indian material (sweet fennel). Under stressing conditions the main component, trans-anethol (sweet taste), can be isomerised into c/ -anethol (not sweet), or can be oxidised to anisaldehyde, as shown in Fig. 2.30. Both compounds can simply be detected by HPLC-UV as trace components in fennel oils. Their content should be as low as possible, since fennel oil with more than 2% of anisaldehyde is considered to be spoiled by oxidation and cA-anethol has a 15-times higher toxicity compared to the natural trans-isomtv. 

Source Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (Apiaceae). A distinction is made between bitter fennel of the species F. vulg. ssp. vulgare var. vulgare, which is required by some pharmacopoeiae [98], and sweet fennel (var. dulce), which is normally used as a seasoning. 

Composition E-anethole (bitter fennel 55-75%, sweet fennel 80-95%), fenchone (bitter fennel 12-25%, sweet fennel below 1%), methyl chavicol (2-6%), limonene, a-pinene, a-phellandrene, cis-anethole and anisic aldehyde. For further constituents see [99,100]. Ravid et al. ]101] employed chirality GC to prove that enantiomerically pure (-i-)-fenchone is present in fennel oil. 

FENNEL FRUIT Foeniculi fructus The schizocarpic fruit of Foeniculum vul tare, Mill., family Apiaceae, which is a herbaceous plant, endemic to the Mediterranean aera. The fennel fruit contains 2-6% volatile oil, FomicuU aetherokum, which has a bitter camphor-like taste of the optically active (-1-) fenchone (called BITTER FENNEL, Foeniculi amari fructus,) with minimum 60% anethole and 15%, fenchone, and the SWEET FENNEL, Foeniculi dulcis fructus, with trans-anethole 80%. 

Fennel oil is obtained by steam distillation of the aerial parts of Foeniculum vul-gare Mill. ssp. vulgare var. vulgare (bitter fennel). It is a colorless to pale yellow... 

Fig. 3A, B The major constituent of the essential oils 1-6 is detectable VS reagent as a red-violet to brown-violet zone at R, 0.9-0.95. In the essentia] oil of anise (1), staranise (2), bitter fennel (3) or. sweet fennel (4) it is anethole (Tl) with smaO amounts of the isomer methylchavicol, while basil (5) has predominantly methylchavicol which has the same R, value as anethole. The prominent zone of sassafras oil (6) is safrole (T2). Anethole (Tl) and safrole (T2) can be separated in the solvent toluene (see Fig. 4C), where safrole then shows a higher R, value.

The blue zones in the R, range 0.1-0.4 of the oils 1-6 are terpene alcohols (e.g. linalool at Rf 0.4) at a very low concentration in the samples 1-2, slightly higher in bitter fennel (3) and sweet fennel (4), while basil (5) shows three inten.sive blue terpene alcohols with linalool as a major compound. In basil oils, linalool can be the predominant compound with very little methylchavicol (chemo- or geotype). A red-violet zone at R, 0.5, as in samples 2-5, can occur (e.g. epoxidihydrocaryophyUene). 

B Fenchone, if present in a lower concentration, can be detected by the PMA/PM reagent only. The dark blue-coloured zone of fenchone (T4) is seen in the sample of bitter fennel (3) (12%-22% fenchone), whereas a weak whitish zone is detected in sweet fennel (4) (0.4%-0.8% fenchone). Fenchone is absent in ani.se (1) or star anise. 

Synonyms cas 8006-84-e bitter fennel oil fenchel oel(german) oil of fennel Fenuron... 

Foeniculum vulgare Mill. ssp. vulgare var. vulgare SCN bitter fennel... 

The LD50 of orally administered fennel oil in rats is 3.8 ml/ kg, whereas that of bitter fennel oil is 5.42 ml/kg (Opdyke 1979). The dermal LD50 of fennel oil and bitter fennel oil in rabbits could not be determined at doses up to 5 ml/kg (Opdyke 1979). The LD50 of an ethanol extract of fennel orally administered in mice and rats could not be determined at doses up 3 g/kg (Shah et al. 1991 Tanira et al. 1996). 

Bitter fennel oil Colorless to yellowish oil with a typical camphor-like aromatic, sweet-spicy odor and a slightly bitter, camphor-like, sweet taste. 

Production By steam distillation of the aerial parts of bitter fennel, Eoeniculum vulgare ssp. piperitum, harvested when the fruits (seeds) just begin to ripen. Origin, e. g., Mediterranean region. 

Synonyms Bitter fennel oil Fennel oil Fennel oil, bitter Fennel oil, sweet Foeniculum vulgare... 

Fennel fruit. See Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) Fennel oil Fennel oil, bitter Fennel oil, sweet. See Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) oil Fennel seed. See Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) Fennel, sweet, extract. See Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) extract Fenoxaprop-ethyl CAS 66441-23-4... 

Gross, M., E. Lewinsohn, Y. Tadmor, E. Bar, N. Dudai, Y. Cohen, and J. Eriedman. 2009. The inheritance of volatile phenylpropenes in bitter fennel Foeniculum vulgare Mill. var. vulgare, Apiaceae) chemotypes and their distribution within the plant. 37 308-316. 

Bitter-fennel fruit oU, Poeniculi amari fructus aetheroleum... 

Bitter-fennel herb oil, Poeniculi amari herbal aetheroleum... 

Inhibitory Data of Bitter Fennel Obtained in the Agar Diffusion Test... 

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