Bisphenol human exposure

Fernandez, M.F., Rivas, A., and Pulgar, R. et al. (2001). Human exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals The case of bisphenols. Endocrine Disrupters 18, 149-169. 

Actually, according to newer German investigations [31], dibutyl phthalate and mineral oil components have been found in recycled paper used for food packaging, giving rise to serious concern about potential human exposure. Also bisphenol A, DEHP and alkylphenol ethoxylates have recently been found in recycled paper-based food packaging on the Italian market [32]. 

Human exposure to migrating substances (e.g., di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate) may result in reproductive disorders. There is a hazard that vinyl chloride monomers or bisphenol A migrating into food may induce carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic episodes. 

Abstract We have reviewed the human exposure to selected emerging organic contaminants, such new brominated flame retardants, organophosphate flame retardants, phthalate substitutes, triclosan, synthetic musks, bisphenol-A, perchlorate, and polycyclic siloxanes. Levels of these emerging contaminants in matrices relevant for human exposure (air, dust, food, water, etc.) and in human matrices (blood, urine, or tissues) have been reviewed, together with some of the relevant health effects reported recently. 

Geens T, Roosens L, Neels H, Covaci A (2009) Assessment of human exposure to Bisphenol-A, Triclosan and Tetrabromobisphenol-A through indoor dust intake in Belgium. 

Geens T, Goeyens L, Covaci A (2011) Are potential sources for human exposure to bisphenol-A overlooked Int J Hyg Environ Health 214 339-347... 

Dekant W, VoUcel W (2008) Human exposure to bisphenol A by biomonitoring methods, results and assessment of environmental exposures. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 228 114—134... 

Zhang Z, Alomirah H, Cho HS, Li YF, Liao C, Minh TB, Mohd MA, Nakata H, Ren N, Kannan K (2011) Urinary bisphenol A concentrations and their implications for human exposure in several Asian countries. Environ Sci Technol 45 7044-7050... 

Welshons, W.V., Nagel, S.C., vom Saal, F.S. Large effects from small exposures. III. Endocrine mechanisms mediating effects of bisphenol A at levels of human exposure. Endocrinology 147, S56-S69 (2006)... 

FaraboUini F, Porrini S, Dessi-Fulgherit F. Perinatal human exposure to the estrogenic pollutant bisphenol A affects behavior in male and female rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1999 64 (4) 687-694. 

HonmaS, Suzuki A, Buchanan DL, KatsuY, Watanabe H, IguchiT. Low dose effect of in utero human exposure to bisphenol A and diethylstilbestrol on female mouse reproduction. Reprod Toxicol 2002 16 117-122. 

Markey CM, Wadia PR, Rubin BS, Sonnenschein C, Soto AM. Long-term effects of fetal human exposure to low doses of the xenoestrogen bisphenol-A in the female mouse genital tract. Biol Reprod 2005 72 (6) 1344-1351. 

Negishi T, Kawasaki K, Suzaki S, Maeda H, Ishii Y, Kyuwa S, Kuroda Y, Yoshikawa Y. Behavioral alterations in response to fear-provoking stimuli and tranylcypromine induced by perinatal human exposure to bisphenol A and nonylphenol in male rats. Environ Health Perspect 2004 112 1159-1164. 

Teeguarden JG, Hanson-Drury S. A systematic review of bisphenol A low dose studies in the context of human exposure a case for establishing standards for reporting low-dose effects of chemicals. Food Chem Toxicol 2013 62 935-948. 

Vandenberg LN, Hauser R, Marcus M, Olea N, Welshons WV. Human exposure to bisphenol A (BRA). Reprod Toxicol 2007 24 139-177. 

Bisphenol-A (BPA) is an important raw material for the synthesis of polycarbonates, epoxy resins and other polymers as well as polymer additives. It is conventionally produced by acid-catalysed condensation of phenol with acetone. Application of various catalysts for the BPA synthesis is discussed with particular attention to the substrates conversion and the reaction selectivity. Recent developments in the BPA production and its applications are presented. Moreover, potential toxicological and endocrine disrupting properties of BPA are considered with the emphasis on human exposure, general toxicology, and biological effects. 

Animal studies have raised concerns about human exposure to bisphenol A and phthalates. Pregnant rats exposed to bisphenol A have been found to have a 3 to 4 times higher incidence of precancerous lesions in their mammary ducts. Bisphenol A (BPA) is used in the manufacture of polycarbonates and epoxy resins (Section 27.7). Although there is no evidence that bisphenol A has an adverse impact on humans, most manufacturers of polycarbonates have stopped using the compound, and BPA-free water bottles are now found in stores. 

Gong, H., Zhang, X., Cheng, B., Sun, Y, Li, C., Li, T, Zheng, L., Huang, K. Bisphenol A accelerates toxic amyloid formation of human islet amyloid polypeptide a possible link between Bisphenol A exposure and type 2 diabetes. PLoS ONE 8, 54198 (2013)... 

Bisphenol A exposure has been tied to many adverse health effects in animal models and humans including prostate cancer, breast cancer, obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular problems, some neurobehavioral effects, including anxiety, as well as reproductive effects. 

Enhanced biomonitoring studies are needed to better evaluate bisphenol A exposure and health outcomes in humans. 

Li DK, Miao M, Zhou Z et al (2013) Urine bisphenol-A level in relation to obesity and overweight in school-age children. PLoS ONE 8(6) 1-6 Liao C, Kannan K (2011) Widespread occurrence of bisphenol A in paper and paper products implications for human exposure. Environ Sci Technol 45(21) 9372-9379 Markey CM, Luque EH, Munoz De Toro M et al (2001) In utero exposure to bisphenol A alters the development and tissue organization of the mouse mammary gland. Biol Reprod 65(4) 1215-1223... 

Stump DG, Beck MJ, Radovsky A et al (2010) Developmental neurotoxicity study of dietary bisphenol A in Sprague-Dawley rats. Toxicol Sci 115(1) 167-182 Taylor JA, Vom Saal FS, Welshons WV et al (2011) Similarity of bisphenol A pharmacokinetics in Rhesus monkeys and mice relevance for human exposure. Environ Health Perspect 119(4) 422-430... 

Trasande L, Attina TM, Blustein J (2012) Association between urinary bisphenol A concentration and obesity prevalence in children and adolescents. JAMA 308(11) 1113-1121 Vandenberg LN, Hauser R, Marcus M et al (2007) Human exposure to bisphenol A (BPA). Reprod Toxicol 24(2) 139-177... 

Ye X, Zhou X, Needham LL et al (2011) In vitro oxidation of bisphenol A Is bisphenol A catechol a suitable biomarker for human exposure to bisphenol A Anal Bioanal Chem 399(3) 1071-1079... 

Rusyn 1, Corton JC (2012) Mechanistic considerations for human relevance of cancer hazard of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. Mutat Res 750(2) 141-158 Sathyanarayana S, Karr CJ, Lozano P et al (2008) Baby care products possible sources of infant phthalate exposure. Pediatrics 121(2) e260-e268 Sathyanarayana S, Alcedo G, Saelens BE et al (2013) Unexpected results in a randomized dietary trial to reduce phthalate and bisphenol A exposures. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 23(4) 378-384... 

From the wide variety of emerging pollutants of industrial origin that could be considered here, bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalate esters (PE) are of especial relevance not only because of the high volumes produced and their widespread use, but also because of their demonstrated toxicity, particularly as endocrine disrupters. Both of them have been included in the final report of the European Commission toward the establishment of a priority list of endocrine disrupter chemicals, EDCs [3], and have been rated as of high risk of exposure for human and wildlife populations. Because of their structural characteristics these compounds cannot be included in any of the groups described above, so they will be described in this section (see Fig. 10). 

Precautionary action to reduce the exposure of humans and wildlife to the oestrogenic plastics intermediate bisphenol A looks closer following an EC technical meeting in March. Member States rejected risk assessments put forward by the UK which set aside evidence of low-dose effects on fish and laboratory animals. Bisphenol A is an important plastics intermediate used in polycarbonates and epoxy resins. Global manufacturing capacity stands at two million tonnes per year. 

Hengstler JG, Foth H, Gebel T, Kramer PJ, Lilienblum W, Schweinfurth H, Volkel W, Wollin KM, Gundert-Remy U (2011) Critical evaluation of key evidence on the human health hazards of exposure to bisphenol A. Crit Rev Toxicol 41 263-291... 

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