Birth weight, effect

Birth-weight effect. Caffeinated coffee alone had an adjusted odds ratio of 1.3 (95% confidence limits [CL] = 1.0, 1.7) for preterm delivery mothers who consumed both caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee had an adjusted odds of 2.3 (95% CL = 1.3, 4), whereas those who consumed only decaffeinated coffee showed no increased odds of small-for-gestational age birth, low-birth-weight or preterm delivery. A reduction in mean birth-weight of -3 g per cup per week (95% CL = -5.9, -0.6) for caffeinated coffee and an increase of +0.4 g per cup per week (95% CL = 3.7, 4.5) for decaffeinated coffee was found " h... 

Many of these reactions are related to the quantity of excipient found in a dosage form. Benzyl alcohol benzalkonium chloride, propylene glycol, lactose, and polysorbates are all associated with dose-related toxic reactions [52-54], Large-volume parenterals containing 1.5% benzyl alcohol as a preservative have caused metabolic acidosis, cardiovascular collapse, and death in low birth weight premature neonates and infants. The cumulative dose of benzyl alcohol ranged from 99 to 234 mg/kg per day in these patients [55,56], Dose-related adverse effects to excipients are of particular concern in the preterm, low birth weight infant because... 

On the other hand, of the 45 or so imprinted genes that have been identified so far, seven have been shown by genetic analysis to have an effect on fetal growth as judged by altered birth weights of pups (Table 2). 

The effects of low levels of lead on birth weight and gestational age are controversial. The earlier evidence for such effects was not reproduced in more studies by Factor-Litvak et al. (1991) and Greene and Emhart (1991). A significant inverse association between prenatal maternal blood lead levels and birth weight was reported in the Cincinnati study (Bomschein et al. 1989 Dietrich et al. 1986, 1987a). 

Chronic exposure to Pb has been shown to cause anaemia, neurotoxic effects, such as reduced cognitive performance and reduced peripheral nerve conduction velocity, and nephrotoxicity. Children are more sensitive to exposure to Pb than adults, especially during the first 2 years of life [41], For children, exposure to lead can cause growth retardation, affect the neuropsychological development and cause encephalopathy [39]. Adverse reproductive effects due to lead exposure have been observed for both men and women. Exposure of pregnant women to low concentrations of lead is associated with miscarriages and low birth weights [40],... 

No measurable effect on survival, reproduction, birth weight, or chromosomal aberrations no evidence of mutagenicity to mice liver cells (Selypes etal. 1980)... 

No major teratogenic effects have been identified with the SSRIs or TCAs. However, evaluations to date suggest a possible association of fluoxetine with low birth weight and respiratory distress. Another study reported a sixfold greater likelihood of the occurrence of persistent pulmonary hypertension of newborn infants exposed to an SSRI after the twentieth week of gestation. 

Neonatal Cocaine freely crosses the placental barrier, and prenatal exposure to cocaine alters neurobehavioral development in rat pups (Sobrian et al. 1990). The effects on humans exposed prenatally to cocaine is a complicated matter, because so many other concurrent factors contribute to development. Common confounds are prenatal care and maternal polydrug use. Prenatal cocaine use is associated with reduced gestational age, birth weight, body length, and head circumference (Richardson et al. 1999). In children exposed prenatally to cocaine, some studies have shown behavioral differences evident at 1 to 3 years of age (Richardson et al. 1993 Richardson 1998). Associations are also made with impulsivity and attention deficits at age 6 (Leech et al. 1999). 

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