Bird studies

Developmental Predictors of Coloration in Altricial Birds Studies of... 

DEVELOPMENTAL PREDICTORS OF COLORATION IN ALTRICIAL BIRDS STUDIES OF BLUE TITS AND GREAT TITS... 

Parslow, J.L.F., D.J. Jefferies, and M.C. French. 1972. Ingested pollutants in puffins and their eggs. Bird Study 19 18-33. 

The transferrins comprise a group of homologous proteins present in various fluids of vertebrate animals. All transferrins form stable complexes with several different metal ions. The complexes with ionic iron are salmon-pink colored with identical or nearly identical absorption spectra. They have been found in the blood serum of all vertebrates studied, in the egg white of all birds studied, and in the milk of all mammals studied. 

Vertebrates Birds Study skins, mounted specimens (taxidermy), whole or partial skeletons, wet-preserved animals or parts Feathers, down, beaks, feet... 

Of 84 species of wild birds studied in 1960 by the National Audubon Society in conjunction with the United States Fish and Wildlife Service,... 

Cytoplasmic glutathione peroxidase is by far the most thoroughly studied species and has been extensively reviewed. It was also the first selenoenzyme to be purified and demonstrated to contain covalently bound selenium. The enzyme is present in the tissues of all mammalia and birds studied. Depending on the species, the molecular mass of the enzyme ranges between 76 and 94kDa. It is composed of four identical constituent subunits that contain a single selenocysteine residne each. 

Both acephate and its metabolite, methamidophos, pose a high acute and chronic risk to birds. Studies in insects have shown that acephate is highly toxic to honey bees and other beneficial insects. Methamidophos is also very highly toxic to freshwater invertebrates. 

In 1997, Bird studied the absolute hardness as a criterion for heteroaromaticity. In this study, it was found that good correlations existed between the Zhou and Parr hardness values and the REPE values for polycyclic benzenoid hydrocarbons but that the correlation was not good when heterocyclic compounds were included. This was also confirmed in a 1998 study by Bean, where only a very low correlation between the HOMO—LUMO gap, on one hand, and geometric, energetic, and other delocalization measures was found for a series of five-membered heteroaromatic compounds. However, Bird suggested using the reformulation of the hardness in terms of molar refractivity as suggested in the work of Komorowski ... 

The Bird study is generally depicted in triangular form ... 

RF B Red fibres, x 400. A similar localization was aiao obtained In the muscle of the other three birds studied (Courtesy Chlnoy, N.J., 1969). 

Note Routine FT-ICR instruments are not suited for BIRD studies because of restrictions in heat resistance of electronic circuitry in proximity to the ICR cell and potential complications with the superconducting cryomagnet. 

BIRD studies have been carried out on a number of protein complexes, including... 

Metal uptake has been linked to developmental effects in several bird studies 71, 97, 100). Brain lesions have been documented in lead exposed chick embryos 101). One study revealed that nestling deformities in pied flycatchers were linked to metal exposure while great tits inhabiting the same metal contaminated site did not show nestling deformaties 70). Slow growth rates from heavy metal exposure have also been demonstrated in natural populations 70, 80). Nestling survival rates of several bird species exposed to metals have been examined in the lab and field 66, 70, 102) yielding different results for different metals. 

Interaction of vitamin D and its metaboUtes with sex hormones has been demonstrated, particularly ia birds ia which the egg-laying functions combine calcium needs and reproductive activity. The metaboUtes of vitamin D behave as hormones. As such, they play an active role ia the endocrine system, along with other hormones, to maintain the various body functions. Several biological influences of metaboUtes of vitamin D have been studied, including effects related to cancer (193—197), skin diseases (198—201), immunomodulatory effects (202,203), and Alzheimer s disease (204—206) (Fig. 9). 

Ivermectin is widely used as an endectocide for catde as an injectable, oral, topical, or slow release bolus for sheep as an injectable or oral formulation for swine as an injectable for horses as a paste or drench and for goats as an injectable or oral formulation. Ivermectin has recently been introduced for heartworm prophylaxis in dogs and it is being studied for use with cats, many other mammals, birds, fish, and reptiles. 

The environmental impact of PCNs has not been extensively investigated and PCNs are not routinely measured in analytical studies of extracts from environmental samples. However, PCNs have been identified in birds of prey in Britain (69) and The Netherlands (70), in a drainage ditch in Florida, and in sediments from San Francisco Bay (71). 

In addition to obtaining adequate vvind resources, site selection sites for wind turbines must also consider avian populations. Several studies have been performed to determine the impact that turbines have on bird populations, with inconclusive results (Sinclair and Morrison, 1997). However, siting turbines to avoid nesting and migration patterns appears to reduce the impact that turbines have on bird mortality. 

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