Ecosystem, forest temperate

The availability of reactive nitrogen limits photosynthesis in a wide variety of terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Nitrogen limitation is particularly common in temperate and boreal forests, temperate grasslands, and Arctic and subalpine tundra, and in estuaries and coastal marine ecosystems in temperate zones.Introduction of relatively large external inputs of the nutrient must be expected to change the productivity of affected ecosystems, as well as the modes of their nitrogen storage and composition of their species. 

In a temperate forest ecosystem on Isle Royale, Michigan, ecologists found that it takes 762 pounds (346 kg) of plant food to support every 59 pounds (27 kg) of moose, and that 59 pounds of moose are required to support every one pound (0.45 kg) of wolf. The basic point is that massive amounts of energy do not flow from one trophic level to the next energy is lost at each stage of the food chain, so there are more plants than herbivores and more herbivores than carnivores. 

Sedjo, R. A. (1992). Temperate forest ecosystems in the global carbon cycle, Ambio, 21, 274-277. 

The Boreal and Sub-Boreal Forest ecosystems represent the forests of cold and temperate climate. These ecosystems occupy an extended zone in the northern part of the Northern Hemisphere. The total area is 16.8 x 106 km2, or 11.2% from the whole World s territory. 

The belt is mainly represented by Temperate Forest ecosystems on forest-steppe soils (Brown Earth). The analyses of selenium content in various links of the biogeochemical food web (rock, water, soils, grains, hair, etc.) has shown that these... 

The low-Se ecosystems occur mainly in and near the temperate forest and forest steppe landscapes as an axis in China, and the relatively high-Se content in the ecosystems usually appear in the typical humid tropical and subtropical landscapes and typical temperate desert and steppe landscapes. 

Smith, W. H. Air Pollution Effects on the Quality and Resilience of the Forest Ecosystem. Paper Presented at the AAAS (American Association for the Advancement of Science) Symposium on Temperate Climate Forestry and the Forest Ecosystem An Environmental Issue Held in Washington, D.C., 1972. 

Satoo, T. "Analysis of Temperate Forest Ecosystem". Relchle, D.E. Ed. Springer Verlag, Heidelberg, N. Y.,... 

Aber, J., W. McDowell, K. Nadelhoffer, A. Magill, G. Bernston, M. Kamakea, S. McNulty, W. Currie, L. Rustad, and I. Fernandez. 1998. Nitrogen saturation in temperate forest ecosystems — Hypotheses revisited. Bioscience 48 921-934. 

Figure 6.1. Ecosystem area and soil carbon content to 3-m depth. Lower Panel Global areal extent of major ecosystems, transformed by land use in yellow, untransformed in purple. Data from Hassan et al. (2005) except for Mediterranean-climate ecosystems transformation impact is from Myers et al. (2000) and ocean surface area is from Hassan et al. (2005). Upper Panel Total C stores in plant biomass, soil, yedoma/permafrost. D, deserts G S(tr), tropical grasslands and savannas G(te), temperate grasslands ME, Mediterranean ecosystems F(tr), tropical forests F(te), temperate forests F(b), boreal forests T, tundra FW, freshwater lakes and wetlands C, croplands O, oceans. Data are from Sabine et al. (2004), except C content of yedoma permafrost and permafrost (hght blue columns, left and right, respectively Zimov et al., 2006), and ocean organic C content (dissolved plus particulate organic Denman et al., 2007). This figure considers soil C to 3-m depth (Jobbagy and Jackson, 2000). Approximate carbon content of the atmosphere is indicated by the dotted lines for last glacial maximum (LGM), pre-industrial (P-IND) and current (about 2000). Reprinted from Fischlin et al. (2007) in IPCC (2007). See color insert.

Aber, J. D. (1992). Nitrogen cycling and nitrogen saturation in temperate forest ecosystems. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 1, 220-3. 

Magill, A. H., Aber, J. D., Berntson, G. M. et al. (2000). Long-term nitrogen additions and nitrogen saturation in two temperate forests. Ecosystems, 3, 238-53. 

Biomes are a group of closely related ecosystems (see below). Terrestrial biomes include tundras, taigas, temperate forests, deserts, grasslands, and tropical rain forests. Major aquatic biomes are freshwater swamps, marshes and bogs, lakes and rivers, estuaries, inter-tidal zones, coastal oceans and open oceans. 

Burnham, 1989. Pedological processes in temperate and tropical soils. In Mineral Nutrients in Tropical Forests and Savanna Ecosystems, ed. J. Proctor (Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford), pp. 27-41. 

I would like to make a comment from the point of view of my time in the Inter. Bureau of Forestry at Hamburg. The difference between the forest in the tropical zones and in the temperate zones is mainly that the lowest content of organic matter in the Tropics is in the living part of the ecosystem and not in the detritus or in the humus. So if you cut the most living part of the ecosystem, you at once lose the main part of the nutrient contents, i.e., the main part of the organic matter. Secondly, the decomposition of the rest of the... 

Legge A. H. and Krouse H. R. (1992) An assessment of the environmental fate of industrial sulphur in a temperate pine forest ecosystem (Paper 1U22B.01). In Critical Issues in the Global Environment, vol. 5. Ninth World Clean Air Congress Towards Year 2000. 

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