Biosensors nanotubes

In this work, simple (single-use) biosensors with a layer double stranded (ds) calf thymus DNA attached to the surface of screen-printed carbon electrode assembly have been prepared. The sensor efficiency was significantly improved using nanostructured films like carbon nanotubes, hydroxyapatite and montmorillonite in the polyvinylalcohol matrix. 

Maehashi et al. (2007) used pyrene adsorption to make carbon nanotubes labeled with DNA aptamers and incorporated them into a field effect transistor constructed to produce a label-free biosensor. The biosensor could measure the concentration of IgE in samples down to 250 pM, as the antibody molecules bound to the aptamers on the nanotubes. Felekis and Tagmatarchis (2005) used a positively charged pyrene compound to prepare water-soluble SWNTs and then electrostatically adsorb porphyrin rings to study electron transfer interactions. Pyrene derivatives also have been used successfully to add a chromophore to carbon nanotubes using covalent coupling to an oxidized SWNT (Alvaro et al., 2004). In this case, the pyrene ring structure was not used to adsorb directly to the nanotube surface, but a side-chain functional group was used to link it covalently to modified SWNTs. 

Maehashi, K., Katsura, T., Kerman, K., Takamura, Y., Matsumoto, K., and Tamiya, E. (2007) Label-free protein biosensor based on aptamer-modified carbon nanotube field-effect transitors. Anal. Chem. 79, 782-787. 

The material is presented in 17 chapters, covering topics such as trends in ion selective electrodes, advances in electrochemical immunosensors, modem glucose biosensors for diabetes management, biosensors based on nanomaterials (e.g. nanotubes or nanocrystals), biosensors for nitric oxide and superoxide, or biosensors for pesticides. 

In view of the conductive and electrocatalytic features of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), AChE and choline oxidases (COx) have been covalently coimmobilized on multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) for the preparation of an organophosphorus pesticide (OP) biosensor [40, 41], Another OP biosensor has also been constructed by adsorption of AChE on MWNTs modified thick film [8], More recently AChE has been covalently linked with MWNTs doped glutaraldehyde cross-linked chitosan composite film [11], in which biopolymer chitosan provides biocompatible nature to the enzyme and MWNTs improve the conductive nature of chitosan. Even though these enzyme immobilization techniques have been reported in the last three decades, no method can be commonly used for all the enzymes by retaining their complete activity. 

K.A. Joshi, J. Tang, R. Haddon, J. Wang, W. Chen, and A. Mulchnadani, A disposable biosensor for organophosphorus nerve agents based on carbon nanotubes modified thick film strip electrode. 

Y. Lin, F. Lu, and J. Wang, Disposable carbon nanotube modified screen-printed biosensor for ampero-metric detection of organophosphorus pesticides and nerve agents. Electroanalysis 16, 145-149 (2004). 

J. Wang and M. Musameh, Carbon nanotube/teflon composite electrochemical sensors and biosensors. Anal. Chem. 75, 2075-2079 (2003). 

K. Besteman, J.O. Lee, F.G.M. Wiertz, H.A. Heering, and C. Dekker, Enzyme-coated carbon nanotubes as single-molecule biosensors. Nano Lett. 3, 727-730 (2003). 

J. Wang, Carbon-nanotube based electrochemical biosensors a review. Electroanalysis 17, 7-14 (2005). 

S. Sotiropoulou and N.A. Chaniotakis, Carbon nanotube array-based biosensor. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 375,103-105 (2003). 

A. Salimi, R.G. Compton, and R. Hallaj, Glucose biosensor prepared by glucose oxidase encapsulated sol-gel and carbon-nanotube-modified basal plane pyrolytic graphite electrode. Anal. Biochem. 333, 49— 56 (2004). 

G.C. Zhao, X.W. Wei, and Z.S. Yang, A nitric oxide biosensor based on myoglobin adsorbed on multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Electroanalysis 17, 630-634 (2005). 

G.C. Zhao, L. Zhang, and X.W. Wei, An unmediated H202 biosensor based on the enzyme-like activity of myoglobin on multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Anal. Biochem. 329, 160-161 2004). 

J.H.T. Luong, S. Hrapovic, D. Wang, F. Bensebaa, and B. Simard, Solubilization of multiwall carbon nanotubes by 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane towards the fabrication of electrochemical biosensors with promoted electron transfer. Electroanalysis 16, 132-139 (2004). 

H. Tang, J. Chen, S. Yao, L. Nie, G. Deng, and Y. Kuang, Amperometric glucose biosensor based on adsorption of glucose oxidase at platinum nanoparticle-modified carbon nanotube electrode. Anal. Biochem. 331, 89-97 (2004). 

P.P. Joshi, S.A. Merchant, Y. Wang, and D.W. Schmidtke, Amperometric biosensors based on redox polymer-carbon nanotube-enzyme composites. Anal. Chem. 77, 3183—3188 (2005). 

W.J. Guan, Y. Li, Y.Q. Chen, X.B. Zhang, and G.Q. Hu, Glucose biosensor based on multi-wall carbon nanotubes and screen printed carbon electrodes. Biosens. Bioelectron. 21, 508—512 (2005). 

R.P. Deo, J. Wang, I. Block, A. Mulchandani, K.A. Joshi, M. Trojaowicz, F. Scholz, W. Chen, and Y. Lin, Determination of organophosphate pesticides at a carbon nanotube/organophosphorus hydrolase electrochemical biosensor. Anal. Chim. Acta 530, 185—189 (2005). 

Z. Xu, X. Chen, X. Qu, J. Jia, and S. Dong, Single-wall carbon nanotube-based voltammetric sensor and biosensor. Biosens. Bioelectron. 20, 579—584 (2004). 

M.D. Rubianes and G.A. Rivas, Enzymatic biosensors based on carbon nanotubes paste electrodes. Electroanalysis 17, 73—78 (2005). 

S.G. Wang, R. Wang, P.J. Sellin, and Q. Zhang, DNA biosensors based on self-assembled carbon nanotubes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 325, 1433-1437 (2004). 

N. Zhu, P. He, and Y. Fang, Electrochemical DNA biosensors based on platinum nanoparticles combined carbon nanotubes. Anal. Chim. Acta 545, 21-26 (2005). 

V.G. Gavalas, S.A. Law, J.C. Ball, R. Andrews, and L.G. Bachasa, Carbon nanotube aqueous sol-gel composites enzyme-friendly platforms for the development of stable biosensors. Anal. Biochem. 329, 247-252 (2004). 

X.C. Tan, MJ. Li, RX. Cai, LJ. Luo, and X.Y. Zou, An amperometric cholesterol biosensor based on multiwalled carbon nanotubes and organically modified sol-gel/chitosan hybrid composite film. Anal. Biochem. 337, 111-120 (2005). 

V.S. Tripathi, V.B. Kandimalla, and H.X. Ju, Amperometric biosensor for hydrogen peroxide based on ferrocene-bovine serum albumin and multiwall carbon nanotube modified ormosil composite. Biosens. Bioelectron. 21,1529-1535 (2006). 

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