Bioreactor industrial

Lopez, J.L., Rodriguez Porcel, E.M., Oiler Alberola, I., Ballesteros Martin, M.M., Sanchez Perez, J.A., Fernandez Sevilla, J.M., and Chisti, Y. (2006), Simultaneous determination of oxygen consumption rate and volumetric aoxygen transfer coefficient in pnuemati-cally agitated airlift bioreactors, Industrial Engineering Chemistry Research, 2006 1167-1171. 

Until recently most industrial scale, and even bench scale, bioreactors of this type were agitated by a set of Rushton turbines having about one-thind the diameter of the bioreactor (43) (Fig. 3). In this system, the air enters into the lower agitator and is dispersed from the back of the impeller blades by gas-fiUed or ventilated cavities (44). The presence of these cavities causes the power drawn by the agitator, ie, the power requited to drive it through the broth, to fall and this has important consequences for the performance of the bioreactor with respect to aeration (35). k a has been related to the power per unit volume, P/ U, in W/m and to the superficial air velocity, in m/s (20), where is the air flow rate per cross-sectional area of bioreactor. This relationship in water is... 

Activities associated with bioreactors include gas/hquid contacting, on-hne sensing of concentrations, mixing, heat transfer, foam control, and feed of nutrients or reagents such as those for pH control. The workhorse of the fermentation industry is the conventional batch fermenter shown in Fig. 24-3. Not shown are ladder rungs inside the vessel, antifoam probe, antifoam system, and sensors (pH, dissolved oxygen, temperature, and the like). Note that coils may lie between baffles and the tank wall or connect to the top to minimize openings... 

Bioprocess Control An industrial fermenter is a fairly sophisticated device with control of temperature, aeration rate, and perhaps pH, concentration of dissolved oxygen, or some nutrient concentration. There has been a strong trend to automated data collection and analysis. Analog control is stiU very common, but when a computer is available for on-line data collec tion, it makes sense to use it for control as well. More elaborate measurements are performed with research bioreactors, but each new electrode or assay adds more work, additional costs, and potential headaches. Most of the functional relationships in biotechnology are nonlinear, but this may not hinder control when bioprocess operate over a narrow range of conditions. Furthermore, process control is far advanced beyond the days when the main tools for designing control systems were intended for linear systems. 

Livingston, A.G., Extractive Membrane Bioreactors A New Process Technology for Detoxifying Industrial Waste waters, J. Chem. Tech. Biotech., v.60, pp. 117-124, 1994. 

Livingston, A.G., Brookes, P.R., Detoxification of chemical industry wastewaters using an extractive membrane bioreactor, 49th Annual Purdue Industrial Waste Conference, May 9-11, 1994. 

The growth of cells on a large scale is called industrial fermentation. Industrial fermentation is normally performed in a bioreactor, which controls aeration, pH and temperature. Microorganisms utilise an organic source and produce primary metabolites such as ethanol,... 

There are three groups of bioreactor currently in use for industrial production ... 

Stiired and aerated systems about 20% of the bioreactors in industrial operation. 

Stirred tank reactor the most common type of bioreactor used in industry. A draught is fitted which provides a defined circulation pattern. 

Industrial bioreactors can withstand up to 3 atmospheres positive pressure. Large fermenters are equipped with a lit vertical sight glass for inspecting the contents of the reactor. Side parts for pH, temperature and dissolved oxygen sensors are a minimum requirement. A steam sterilisation sample port is provided. Mechanical agitators are installed on the top or bottom of the tank for adequate mixing. 

The design emphasis of this section will be on stirred tank bioreactors, which are the most common type used commercially in many bioprocess industries. 

Special reactors are required to conduct biochemical reactions for the transformation and production of chemical and biological substances involving the use of biocatalysts (enzymes, immobilised enzymes, microorganisms, plant and animal cells). These bioreactors have to be designed so that the enzymes or living organisms can be used under defined, optimal conditions. The bioreactors which are mainly used on laboratory scale and industrially are roller bottles, shake flasks, stirred tanks and bubble columns (see Table 1). 

Biichs J, Zoels B (1999) Evaluation of the Maximiun Specific Power Consumption in Shaking Bioreactors, Proceedings of 3th International Symposium on Mixing in Industrial Processes (ISMlP-3) 19-22 Sept 1999 Japan... 

Natural pigment production for food coloration includes the entire spectrum of biotechnologies. For example, biological production of carotenoid pigments has medical implications because carotenoids are nutritive (pro-vitamin A), antioxidant, and photoprotective. Carotenoids are produced alternately in agricultural systems (plants), industrial bioreactors (bacterial and fungi), and marine systems (cyanobacteria and algae). 

In this section we shall use the standard notation employed by biochemical engineers and industrial microbiologists in presenting the material. Thus if we denote by Xv the viable cell (cells/L) or biomass (mg/L) concentration, S the limiting substrate concentration (mmol/L) and P the product concentration (immol/L) in the bioreactor, the dynamic component mass balances yield the following ODEs for each mode of operation ... 

The combination of kinetics, hydrodynamics and transport phenomena that provide the proper scale-up of bioreactors from laboratory to the industrial scale also has to be taken into account [4]. Different process solutions will be discussed within this chapter in detail, starting from concrete problem and illustrating possibilities to overcome this problem. 

Prado N, Ochoa J, Amrane A (2009) Biodegradation by activated sludge and toxicity of tetracycline into a semi-industrial membrane bioreactor. Bioresour Technol 100 3769-3774... 

Tsouris, C. Borole, A. P. Kaufman, E. N., and DePaoli, D. W., An electrically driven gas-liquid-liquid contactor for bioreactor and other applications. Industrial Engineering Chemistry Research, 1999. 38(5) pp. 1877-1883. 

The two patents described above were particularly important in the initiation of the developments of biodesulfurization catalysts. The bioreactor arrays required for operation and growth method constituted key elements in the following developments of the area, which would condition viability and successful path to industrialization. A sulfur bioavailability assay was incorporated into the screen for monitoring the sulfur uptake by the microorganisms, and the concept formed a claim in the patents [67,91], The objective... 

Biomass containment in continuously operated bioreactors is an essential prerequisite for the feasibility of practical industrial-scale dye biodegradation. Biofilm airlift reactors have demonstrated excellent performance for their ability to control mixing, interphase mass transfer and biofilm detachment rate. Further studies are required to further exploit the potential of this type of reactors with either aggregated cells or biofilm supported on granular carriers. 

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