Bioreactors industrial applications

Potential Industrial Applications of Bioreactors Discussion of potential applications of bioreactors is a highly subjective undertaking since the number is essentially limited only by the ingenuity of the authors and the known list of enzymes. 

Improving and reducing the price of membrane film or hollow-fiber production will definitely speed industrial application of the OHLM technologies, especially in gas, pharmaceutical, and bioreactor applications. 

To optimize the BOHLM processes and improve separation and transport properties, it is necessary to develop complexation chemistry and new selective carriers, or to improve existing ones. Such improvements and reducing the price of membrane film or hoUow-fiber production wiU definitely speed industrial application of the BOHLM technologies, espe-ciaUy for gas, pharmaceutical and bioreactor apphcations. 

Literature investigations were used in order to address the six listed challenges these are considered to be some of the most important aspects related to the bioremoval of MTBE in reactors. The focus is on the use of aerobic bioreactors for aqueous phase MTBE removal by direct metabolism. The discussions on cometabolism are confined to its own section. The concepts and information provided are mainly applicable to the ex situ remediation of MTBE contaminated groundwater. The ideas presented, however, can also be applied to MTBE removal in drinking water treatment or industrial applications. Most of the discussions are equally valuable to TBA and other ethers used as fuel oxygenates. These are for example, ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE), tert-amyl methyl ether (TAME) and diisopropyl ether (DIPE). 

Four basic types of SSF bioreactors have been developed (Figs. 3 and 4). These are (1) drum bioreactor [16], (2) packed bed bioreactor [17,18], (3) tray bioreactor [4, 16], (Ahmed et al. 1987 Hesseltme 1987 Pandey 1991 cited in [19]), and (4) column bioreactor (Raimbault and Germon 1976 cited in [20]). The structure and nature of the solid matrix used, type of microorganism involved, environmental conditions needed for the process, the type of use (research or industrial applications), and type of product should all be considered for the selection of appropriate design of bioreactor [19]. 

In this section, several applications of membrane reactors on the commercial scale will be highlighted as well as some membrane-based processes that have potential for industrial application. Membrane-assisted esterifications and dehydrogenations will be discussed as well as the OTM process for the production of syngas. Additionally, typical membrane bioreactors such as used in the acy-lase process developed by Degussa AG, and membrane extraction systems such as the MPGM system and the Sepracor process are described. 

Siemens S5 or by the front end systems provided by bioreactor manufacturers, e.g. B.Braun DCU. The software has been improved during several industrial applications in different biochemical production processes. 

The system developed by Cultor (Finland) is industrially available and has been operational at industrial scale (1 million hi per year) since 1993. This accelerated maturation system is based on heat treatment of green beer (10 min at 90 °C for complete conversion of a-acetolactate to diacetyl) followed by reduction of diacetyl to acetoin during maturation with a continuous immobilized yeast system operating at a retention time of 2h (Pajunen, 1996). This packed-bed immobilized yeast bioreactor system has found industrial application also in continuous alcohol-free beer production (Mensour et al., 1997). 

The book looks deeper into lipases, which are hydrolytic enzymes that have great potential in many industrial applications. The main sources, structure, and features of lipases are presented, with an emphasis on their specificity and interfacial activity. Various industrial applications and property improvements are also discussed. The book focuses on lipase immobilization and its advantages over soluble lipases, where its effects on the physiochemical characteristics, namely, activity and stability, of lipases are discussed. Different immobilization techniques are described, and examples of various immobilization materials are given. In addition, different bioreactor configurations using immobilized lipases are described. 

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