Biopolymer chemical surface modification

Mohanty AK, Parija S, Misra M (1996) Ce(IV)-A(-acetylglycine initiated graft copolymerization of acrylonitrile onto chemically modified pineapple leaf fibers. J Appl Polym Sci 60 931-937 Mohanty AK, Khan MA, Hinrichsen G (2000) Surface modification of jute and its influence on performance ofbiodegradable jute-fabric/Biopol composites. Compos Sci Technol 60 1115-1124 Mohanty AK, Misra M, Drzal LT, Selke SE, Harte BR, Hinrichsen G (2005) Natural fibers, biopolymers and biocomposites an introduction. In Mohanty AK, Misra M, Drzal LT (eds) Natural fibers, biopolymers and biocomposites. Taylor Francis, FL, Boca Raton Mukherjee PS, Satyanarayana KG (1986) Structure and properties of some vegetable fibres Part 2 pineapple fiber. J Mater Sci 21 51-56... 

Topics of interest in relation to biopolymer surface modifications have already been addressed before. As these topics have continuously been reviewed during the last 30 years of polymer chemistry, the synthetic methods that were used most are covered here. This chapter emphasizes in particular the physical/chemical modifications necessary to improve the apphcation properties of biopolymers and hence their potential applications in drug dehvery systems, packaging, affinity chromatography, and biosensor fields. 

Further advances in technology offered the solution of surface modification of the metal structure of the DES by chemical or physical adsorption of biopolymers or synthetic polymers that would allow enhanced cell adhesion following placement of the stent. Thus, pharmaceutical polymers may be used not only in the design of the actual stent, but also to coat stent surfaces to augment tissue compatibility. At the present time there are a few DES which are approved by the Food and Drug Authority (FDA) for use in humans. These are further discussed below. 

In a later study, Pesek et al. reported the separation of other proteins using a diol stationary phase [61-64]. The use of a diol stationary phase should result in a surface that is more hydrophilic than a typical alkyl-bonded moiety, like Cis or Cg. The overall results showed significant variations in retention times due to differences in solute-bonded phase interactions. Other factors, such as pH, could also influence this interaction, due to its influence on charge and protein conformations. Combining all these factors in the separation of peptides and proteins provides an experimentalist with many decisions to be made in the optimized experimental conditions to be used. Other chemical modifications of etched fused silica need to be studied in order to provide a better understanding of their interactions with proteins and peptides, as well as other classes of biopolymers. 

The intensive progress of chemical modification of mineral surfaces started in the seventies. Practice required a design of immobilized metallocomplexes, the methods of immobilization of enzymes and other biopolymers and, in particular, the methods for preparation of stationary phases for high performance liquid chromatography. 

In the present text we attempt to do justice to the different topics of polymers and their uses. This text is generally suitable for researchers rather than students. The first chapter of this book discussed sorption mechanism of organic compound in the nanopore of syndiotactic polystyrene crystal. In the second chapter, a discussion was done to illustrate a physico-chemical characterization and processing of pulse seeds. The chemo-enzymatic polymerization for peptide polymers were illustrated in the third chapter. In the fourth chapter, an electrokinetic potential method was used to characterize the surface properties of polymer foils and their modifications. Also, an emulsion polymerizations was discussed in the fifth chapter. Nonconventional methods of polymer surface patterning, polymer characterization using atomic force microscope, biopolymers in the environment, and carbon nanostructure and their properties and applications were discussed in the sixth, seventh, eighth and ninth chapters respectively. Finally, let us point that although many books in the field of pol)nner science appear, none of them are complementary. 

The rates of adsorption and chain scission are affected by physicochemical properties of the substrate, such as the molecular weight, chemical composition, crystallinity, and surface area, and also by the inherent characteristics of the enzyme which can be measured in terms of its activity, stability, concentration, amino acid composition, and conformation. Moreover, environmental conditions such as pH and temperature also influence the activity of enzymes. The presence of stabilizers, activators, or inhibitors released from the polymer during the degradation process or additives that are leached out may also affect enzyme activity. Chemical modification of biopolymers may also affect the rate of enzymatic resorption since, depending on the degree of chemical modification, it may prevent the enzyme from recognizing the polymeric substrate. The rate of enzymatic resorption is limited by an enzyme saturation point. Beyond this enzyme concentration, no further increase in the rate of resorption is observed even when more enzyme is added. 

FIGURE 4.1 Schematic approach used in the modification of biopolymers (a) blends, (b) chemical linkages, (c) cross-linking, (d) grafting, and (e) biocomposite formation (i, biopolymer matrix ii, biopolymer fillers iii, surface modified inorganic materials). (See insert for color representation of the figure.)... 

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