Fluid bridge

E.A. Boucher, Capillary Phenomena Properties of Systems with Fluid/Fluid Interfaces, Rep. Progr. Phys. 43 (1980) 496-546. (Analysis of basic capillarity laws, application to the shapes of drops, bubbles, holms and fluid bridges and the determination of interfacial tensions.)... 

If the distance between the substrates is increased even further, another structural change occurs in the fluid. It is illustrated the plot of p (x, z) for s, = 8.2 in Fig. 5.8(c), where the fluid bridge disappeared and only two strata of fluid molecules cling to the strongly attractive portion of the substrate. For example, for jz[ < 3.0 smd x = 0, the density is rather low and decreases monotonically toward the center of the confined fluid located at z = 0. The... 

The observed system-size dependence clearly indicates that the correlation length associated with density fluctuations in the confined fluid exceeds the dimensions of the simulation cell [178]. This is indicative of a near-critical thennodynamic state of the confined fluid. Because of the density of the participating phases in this near-critical region we conclude that the critical point is the one at which fluid bridge and liquid-like phases become in-... 

Here the situation is slightly more delicate. Because the nanopatterns are finite in extent by definition, there is no way of increasing the system size without altering the physical conditions of the confined fluid. Hence, in a sense, metastability here is real and associated with the (physically meaningful) small size of the fluid bridge. However, this also raises the question of whether the morphologies triggered by finite-size chemical patterns should... 

Figure 5.17 As Fig. 5.8, where the fluid bridge is unsheared in part (a) but exposed to a shear strain in part (b). To enhance the clarity of the presentation two periods in the x-direction are shown. 

As a quantitative measure of the extent to which a confined phase is capable of resisting a shear deformation, we introduce in Section 5.6.2 the shear stress Txz. For a fluid bridge a typical shear-stress curve r (aSxo) is plotted in Fig. 5.18. Regardless of the thermodynamic state and the thickness (i.e., s ) of a bridge phase, a typical stress curve exhibits the following features ... 

R.K. Niven, Force stability of pore-scale fluid bridges and ganglia in axisymmetric and non-axisymmetric configurations. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 2006, 52, 1-18. 

E. A. Boucher, M. J. B. Evans, and S. McGarry, Capillary phenomena. XX. Fluid bridges between horizontal solid plates in a gravitational field, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 89, 154-165 (1982). 

The problem of what type of electrodes to use is one that is critical in biomedical research and experimentation. Electrodes have a dual purpose. They may be used to apply a stimulating signal (excitation) to a physiological system or they may be used to detect the presence of an electric potential in such a system. Electrodes fall into two broad categories metallic electrodes and fluid-bridge electrodes. The choice of type depends upon the specific application. Initially we direct our attention to metallic electrodes. The present discussion applies to gross electrodes microelectrodes will be considered separately. 

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