Biomechanics kinematics

The scope of the series covers the entire spectrum of solid mechanics. Thus it includes the foundation of mechanics variational formulations computational mechanics statics, kinematics and dynamics of rigid and elastic bodies vibrations of solids and structures dynamical systems and chaos the theories of elasticity, plasticity and viscoelasticity composite materials rods, beams, shells and membranes structural control and stability soils, rocks and geomechanics fracture tribology experimental mechanics biomechanics and machine design. 

Biomechanics considers safety and health implications of mechanics, or the study of the action of forces, for the human body (its anatomical and physiological properties) in motion (at work) and at rest Mechanics, which is based on Newtonian physics, consists of two main areas statics or the study of the human body at rest or in equilibrium, and dynamics or the study of the human body in motion. Dynamics is further subdivided into two main parts, kinematics and kinetics. Kinematics is concerned with the geometry of motion, including the relationships among displacements, velocities, and accelerations in both translational and rotational movements, without regard to the forces involved. Kinetics, on the other hand, is concerned with forces that act to produce the movements. 

Fioretti S. 1994. Three-dimensional in-vivo kinematic analysis of finger movement. In F. Schuind et al. (Eds.), Advances in the Biomechanics of the Hand and Wrist, pp. 363-375, New York, Plenum. 

As indicated earlier, the information available for cHnical gait interpretation may include static physical examination measures, stride and temporal data, segment and joint kinematics, joint kinetics, electromyograms, and a video record. With this information, the clinical team can assess the patienf s gait deviations, attempt to identify the etiology of the abnormahties and recommend treatment alternatives. In this way, clinicians are able to isolate the biomechanical insufficiency that may produce a locomotive impairment and require a compensatory response from the patient. For example, a patient may excessively elevate a pelvis (compensatory) in order to gain additional foot clearance in swing, which is perhaps inadequate due to a weak ankle dorsiflexor (primary problem). 

The second requirement for function is the knowledge of the biomechanics that underlies both the dysfunction in the patient and the function of proposed device to be coupled to the patient. Kinematics, dynamics, energy considerations, and control aU enter into this understanding of function. Structure is the means of carrying the function, and finally both need to be embodied into a design that is cosmetically acceptable. Some of the fundamental issues in these concepts are discussed here. 

Robertson G. and Sprigings E. 1987. Kinematics. In D.A. Dainty and R.W. Norman (Eds.), Standardizing Biomechanical Testing in Sport, pp. 9-20. Champaign, lU, Human Kinetics Publishers, Inc. 

Kinematic analysis — measures or estimates various motion parameters for specified body segments, for example, displacement, velocity, acceleration. (It involves micromotion studies.) The data are used for subsequent biomechanical analyses, for example, to determine mechanical strain in the musculoskeletal system [Chaffin and Andersson, 1991]... 

The key limitations in the development of the discriminate functions for classification purposes, are the data-driven nature of the algorithms and the lack of theoretical orientation in the process of development and validation of these models. It is suggested that the mathematical simulation of flexion or extension trunk movement may identify an objective basis for the evaluation and assessment of trunk kinematic performance. A catalog of movement patterns that are optimal with respect to physical and biomechanical quantities may contribute to the emergence of a more theoretically based computational paradigm for the evaluation of kinematic performance of normal subjects and patients. It must be emphasized that in this paradigm one has no intention to claim that the central nervous system actually optimizes any single or composite cost function. 

The design of any device to be implanted in the intervertebral space must incorporate considerations of the biomechanics of the particular spinal level to be implanted. Among other factors, the primary biomechanical factors to be considered can be characterized as the kinematics (motion), kinetics (applied forces), and load sharing (distribution of stress between anatomic components). The device should allow the expected kinematics, it should be able to withstand millions of cycles of the expected loads, and it should attempt not to disrupt the distribution of the tissue level stresses and strains experienced in a healthy intervertebral joint. The kinematics, kinetics, and load sharing of the spine vary significantly as one moves from the cervical to the thoracic to the lumbar spine. 

Cheze, L., Fregly, B. J., and Dimnet, J. (1995). A solidification procedure to facilitate kinematic analyses based on video system Journal of Biomechanics, 28(7), 879-884. 

Shiavi, R., Limbird, T., Frazer, M., Stivers, K., Strauss, A., and Abramovitz J. (1987). Helical motion analysis of the knee—I. Methodology for studying kinematics during locomotion, Journal of Biomechanics, 20(5) 459-469. 

An excellent reference book for an engineer or a physician interested in the spine. Each topic is written from the viewpoint of a biomechanician and the topics covered include kinetics and kinematics of vertebral joints, pathological disorders of the spine and their surgical management. Chapter 1 contains an introductory section on the intervertebral disc that describes its structure, function and biomechanics. 

Helmer, T., Samaha, R. R., Scullion, P., Ebner, A., and Kates, R. Kinematical, physiological, and vehicle-related influences on pedestrian injury severityin frontal car crashes multivariate analysis and cross-validation. In Proceedings of the International Research Council On Biomechanics Of Injury (IRCOBI) (2010), pp. 181-198... 

Biomechanics is the application of mechanics to biological problems. It builds on anatomy, anthropometry and kinesiology. Kinesiology is the study of human movement. Biomechanics involves kinematics—the geometry and patterns of movement. Kinematic variables are displacement, velocity, and acceleration. Biomechanics also involves kinetics— the forces, energy, power, and work involved in movement. 

Previously, anatomical studies have been performed to know the position of the anatomical anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) insertion [1-18], and the ACL can be divided into two parts the anteromedial (AM) and posterolateral (PL) bundles [1], These bundles have different functimis with different lengths and force-change patterns [19-21], and some biomechanical studies described that anatomical double-bundle (DB) ACL reconstruction achieved equal knee kinematics to those of the intact knee with stability of tibial anterior translation and rotation [22-24]. As a result, anatomical DB ACL reconstruction is a widely used procedure. Femoral... 

Restoration of normal biomechanical and biological function is the primary goal of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, with the double-bundle ACL reconstruction considered to have greater potential to restore normal knee kinematics than the single-bundle technique [1, 2]. The double-bundle method aims to reconstruct both the anteromedial (AM) and posterolateral (PL) bundles of the native ACL at their sites of insertion. However, recent studies indicate that central anatomical single-bundle ACL reconstmction can also restore normal knee... 

Keywords Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) Biomechanical evaluation Knee kinematics... 

Biomechanical Evaluation of Knee Kinematics During Surgery... 

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