Motion analysis

R. S. Adler, J. M. Rubin, P. H. Bland and P. L. Carson, Quantitative tissue motion analysis of digitized M-mode images gestational differences of fetal lung, Ultrasound Med. Biol., 1990, 16, 561-569. 

Vascular Vasoactive responses — Measurement of changes in vessel diameter Digital motion analysis Fritsche et al.222... 

The three-dimensional Gram-Charlier expansion, first applied to thermal motion analysis by Johnson and Levy (1974), is a statistical expansion in terms of the zero and higher derivatives of a normal distribution (Kendal and Stuart 1958). If Dj is the operator d/du], the expansion is defined by... 

J. H. Waddell, Photographic Motion Analysis, Industrial Laboratories Publishing Co, Chicago, 1955... 

Toth GP, Stober JA, George EL, Read EJ, Smith MK (1991a) Sources of variation in the computer-assisted motion analysis of rat epididymal sperm. Reprod Toxicol, 5 467-495. 

The resulting trajectories are usually analyzed for the mode of motion executed by the particle as the motion provides information on the location and status of the particle as described in this review. The most common analysis starts with the calculation of the so-called mean-square displacement (MSD). Then, the time dependence of the MSD is plotted. This plot allows a mode of motion analysis [35]. A simplified way to calculate the MSD is depicted in Fig. 2b. The mean square displacement describes the average of the squared distances between a particle s start and end positions for all time-lags of certain length At within one trajectory. 

Motion analysis and particle tracking methods enable users to follow the movement over time of tagged particles, such as fluorescently labeled cell surface molecules, microtubules, nucleic acids, lipids, and other objects with subpixel resolution.287 These methods allow scientists to measure jc and y coordinates, velocity, mean displacement, mean vector length, and more. 

Lopez-de-Victoria, G., Zimmer-Faust, R. K., and Lovell, C., Computer-assisted video motion analysis a powerful technique for investigating motility and chemotaxis, J. Microb. Meth., 23, 329, 1995. 

Amsler, C. D., Use of computer-assisted motion analysis for quantitative measurements of swimming behavior in peritrichously flagellated bacteria, Anal. Biochem., 235, 20, 1996. 

In neutron diffraction structure analyses, the correction for thermal motion is much more complex for hydrogen atoms than for nonbydrogen atoms. It has long been recognized that vibrational thermal motion causes an apparent reduction in interatomic distances relative to those for the atoms at rest, and the methods for thermal motion analysis and geometry correction are well developed [190—192]. 

Although these effects are small, they affect not only the covalent X-H bond lengths, but also the H - A hydrogen-bond lengths. For very high-precision low-temperature neutron diffraction analyses [186, 187], they have to be taken into account. An adequate way to do this, without the complexity of a complete anhar-monic thermal motion analysis, is to use the experimentally determined anisotropic temperature factors. As shown by comparisons between experimental and theoretical X-H values from low temperature neutron analyses and theoretical ab-initio molecular orbital calculations, one can assume that the motion of the two... 

Johnson CK (1970) An introduction to thermal motion analysis. In Ahmed FR (ed) Crystallographic computing. Munksgaard, Copenhagen, pp 207 -254... 

Ellison RD, Johnson CK, Levy HA (1971) Glycolic acid direct neutron diffraction determination of crystal structure and thermal motion analysis. Acta Cryst B 27 333-344... 

Figure 3.24 Deconvolution of the same symmetry components of the motion analysis displayed in Figure 3.34 into orthogonal combinations of the local vectors which distinguish pure vibrations from pure translations.

Some criteria have been suggested in order to decide when a thermal motion analysis can be expected to yield meaningful results. Two of them, the rigid-bond test and the rigid-molecule test, investigate whether or not bonds or portions of molecules are considered to move in a physically reasonable way. They will be described in turn. 

Fig. 6. Particle motion analysis of an event from the Western Pacific recorded at station 5110. Upper hodogramis in the horizontal plane lower one is in the sagittal plane. Ellipticity is greatest in the 33—50 s period. R, T and Z, radial, transverse and vertical components, respectively.

Kino-oka, M., Agatahama, Y., Hata, N. and Taya, M. (2004) Evaluation of growth potential of human epithelial cells by motion analysis of pairwise rotation under... 

To obtain information on the role of dynamics of molecular motions in the reactive systems, the approach of phonon spectroscopy is used. Phonons are low-frequency cooperative lattice vibrations of a solid and, therefore, probe the lattice interactions and dynamics directly. Phonons can be observed as optical transitions in the Raman spectra and in the electronic spectra (in the latter as a phonon side band). Some information regarding averaged librational and translational phonon motions can also be obtained from the rigid-motion analysis of the thermal parameters of x-ray diffraction studies. 

For further confirmation of the mode-softening and a possible identification of the molecular nature of the over-damped mode, we used the rigid-body motion analysis of the thermal- parameters of the room temperature x-ray diffraction study. A thermal-motion analysis (TMA) program was used to calculate the components of the librational (L) and the translational (T) tensors with a least-square fit of the published thermal parameters ( ) of all nonhydrogen atoms of the molecule. The librational frequencies were calculated by the method of Cruickshank (7), using the appropriate eigenvalues of the L-tensor and the corresponding moments of inertia. 

Maverick, E. F. Trueblood, K. N. THMA11 Program for Thermal Motion Analysis. UCLA, 1988. 

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