Bundle method

Standard Test Method for Breaking Strength and Elongation of Cotton Fibers (Flat Bundle Method)," ASTM E144S-90, Annual Book ofASTM Standards, Vol 07.01, ASTM, Philadelphia, Pa., 1991, pp. 405—409. 

There are different single-objective optimizers available for solving the scalarized problems formed and the user can decide after each classification which optimizer to use or use the default one. The proximal bundle method (Makela and Neittaanmaki, 1992) is a local optimizer and needs initial values for variables as well as (sub)gradients for functions. (The system can generate the latter automatically.) Alternatively, it is possible to use two variants of (global) real-coded genetic algorithms that differ from each other... 

Nonsmooth or nondifferentiable optimization plays an important role in large-scale programming and addresses mathematical programming problems in which the functions involved have discontinuous first derivatives. Thus, classical methods that rely on gradient information fail to solve these problems, and alternative nonstandard approaches must be used. These alternative methods include subgradient methods and bundle methods. The interested reader is referred to Shor (1985), Zowe (1985), and Fletcher (1987, pp. 357 14). 

Restoration of normal biomechanical and biological function is the primary goal of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, with the double-bundle ACL reconstruction considered to have greater potential to restore normal knee kinematics than the single-bundle technique [1, 2]. The double-bundle method aims to reconstruct both the anteromedial (AM) and posterolateral (PL) bundles of the native ACL at their sites of insertion. However, recent studies indicate that central anatomical single-bundle ACL reconstmction can also restore normal knee... 

For the case of intramolecular energy transfer from excited vibrational states, a mixed quantum-classical treatment was given by Gerber et al. already in 1982 [101]. These authors used a time-dependent self-consistent field (TDSCF) approximation. In the classical limit of TDSCF averages over wave functions are replaced by averages over bundles of trajectories, each obtained by SCF methods. 

Jibutilon theophrasti is a herbaceous annual plant produciag a jute-like fiber. The plant is native to the People s RepubHc of China and is commercially grown ia China and the former USSR. Because of its association with jute ia mixtures and export, it is also called China jute. The plant grows to a height of 3—6 m with a stem diameter of 6—16 mm. After harvesting by hand and defoHation, bundles of the stems are water retted and the fiber is extracted by methods similar to those for jute. The fiber is used for twiae and ropes. 

Translate the heat-transfer area deterrnined above into corresponding tube bundle dimensions. If different from those assumed in step (2), repeat steps (2) through (8) until satisfactory agreement is reached. The method caimot be appHed to cases in which U varies along the tube length or the stream... 

Entrance andExit SpanXireas. The thermal design methods presented assume that the temperature of the sheUside fluid at the entrance end of aU tubes is uniform and the same as the inlet temperature, except for cross-flow heat exchangers. This phenomenon results from the one-dimensional analysis method used in the development of the design equations. In reaUty, the temperature of the sheUside fluid away from the bundle entrance is different from the inlet temperature because heat transfer takes place between the sheUside and tubeside fluids, as the sheUside fluid flows over the tubes to reach the region away from the bundle entrance in the entrance span of the tube bundle. A similar effect takes place in the exit span of the tube bundle (12). 

Uranium oxide [1344-57-6] from mills is converted into uranium hexafluoride [7783-81-5] FJF, for use in gaseous diffusion isotope separation plants (see Diffusion separation methods). The wastes from these operations are only slightly radioactive. Both uranium-235 and uranium-238 have long half-Hves, 7.08 x 10 and 4.46 x 10 yr, respectively. Uranium enriched to around 3 wt % is shipped to a reactor fuel fabrication plant (see Nuclear REACTORS, NUCLEAR FUEL reserves). There conversion to uranium dioxide is foUowed by peUet formation, sintering, and placement in tubes to form fuel rods. The rods are put in bundles to form fuel assembHes. Despite active recycling (qv), some low activity wastes are produced. 

Galvanic corrosion can be controlled by the use of sacrificial anodes. This is a common method of controlling corrosion in heat exchangers with Admiralty tube bundles and carbon steel tube sheets and channel heads. The anodes are bolted direcdy to the steel and protect a limited area around the anode. Proper placement of sacrificial anodes is a precise science. 

As with other removable-bundle exchangers, the inside of the shell, and to the outside of the tubes. However, unlike the straight-tube exchanger, whose tube internals can be mechanically cleaned, there is no way to physically access the U-bend region inside each tube, so chemical methods are required for tubeside maintenance. 

Bundles of buckytubes were grown, based on an arc method similar to that of Ebbesen and Ajayan[3]. The arc was generated by a direct current (50-300 A, 10-30 V) in a He atmosphere at a pressure of 500 Torr. Two graphite electrode rods with different diameters were employed. The feed rod (anode) was nominally 12.7 mm in diameter and 305 mm long the cathode rod was 25.4 mm in diameter and 100 mm long (it remained largely uneroded as the feed rod was consumed). Typical rod temperature near the arc was in... 

Some explanations could be possible for these contradictory results. One is that a various types of CNTs may be obtained by different methods, since SWCNTs as much as 50 % are chiral and nonmetallic [42]. The other is that the result may be attributable to the contact condition of SWCNT bundles. When the bundles closely contact each other, the SWCNT system will likely become a three-dimensional one just as in the case of contacted MWCNTs. 

Optimisation of SWCNT production has been attempted within the framework of the arc-discharge method in which anode and cathode were made of graphite rods, a hole in the anode being filled with metal catalysts such as Y (1 at.%) and Ni (4.2 at.%) [7]. A dense collar deposit (ca. 20% of the total mass of graphite rod) formed around the eathode under He (ca. 500 Torr), with 30 V and 100 A de eurrent. It was eonfirmed that this optimal eollar eontained large amounts of SWCNT bundles eonsisting of (10, 10) SWCNTs (diameter 1.4 nm). Such morphology resembles that produced by the laser ablation teehnique [4,5]. 

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