Biomass, elemental analysis

The bioconversion process of Acid Orange 7 will be hereby analyzed. This is an incremental study with respect to that due to Lodato et al. [41], based on the operation of an airlift reactor with cells of Pseudomonas sp. 0X1 immobilized on natural pumice (density = 1,000 kg/m3 particle size = 800-1,000 pm). Details regarding the strain, medium, culture growth and main diagnostics of the liquid phase are reported by Lodato et al. [41]. Elemental analysis of dry biomass was obtained by a C/H/N 600 LECO analyzer. 

In order to gain some information about the fundamentals of the hydrothermal carbonization process, the hydrothermal carbonization of different carbohydrates and carbohydrate products was examined [12, 13]. For instance, hydrothermal carbons synthesized from diverse biomass (glucose, xylose, maltose, sucrose, amylopectin, starch) and biomass derivatives (HMF and furfural) were treated under hydrothermal conditions at 180 °C and were analyzed with respect to their chemical and morphological structures by SEM,13 C solid-state NMR and elemental analysis. This was combined with GC-MS experiments on residual liquor solutions to analyze side products... 

Coal is a rich source of carbon and has been a valuable source of fuel for centuries. It is classified by both coal type and coal rank. Coal type is determined by the nature of the original biomass that led to the formation of the coal. Coal rank signifies the degree of maturation or chemical change in coal and usually determines coal quality. The calorific value, moisture content, elemental analysis, volatile matter, ash, and fixed carbon content are important qualities of coal. 

In the beginning of the nineteenth century, analytics of plant matter samples started with that of plant ashes. In addition, no methods were available then which could have enabled intact biological materials to be digested for complete, no-Ioss analyses without burning them before. Hence, volatile elements then could not be detected, let alone quantified in biomass. Elements then found in plant ashes (Fe, Na, K, Ca, etc.) were both abundant and had been discovered in other sources before. As, e.g., no spectroscopic methods whatsoever were at hand earlier than about 1860, technical prospects for trace analysis then were dim at best (there are very few instances of elements detected in environmental samples/spectra prior to their isolation on Earth helium (in 1868) and techne-tinm (in 1952) were found in stellar spectra before being isolated from or detected in terrestrial minerals... 

A theoretical model of the combustion of biomass is illustrated by the complete oxidation of giant brown kelp. Note that kelp, for which complete analytical data were available, is used here simply to illustrate the utility of the model, which is applicable to all biomass species. Based on the empirical formula derived from the elemental analysis of dry kelp at an assumed molecular weight of 100, the combustion stoichiometry is... 

The elemental analysis of ash was carried out by ICP technique (inductively coupled plasma spectrometry). The biomass samples were ashed at 550 C to minimise losses. Typical ash analyses are shown in table 2. 

In one of the three different models developed by Corella and co-workers for FB biomass gasifiers, the elemental analysis or formula (Ccres Hhjies Oqres) of the pyrolysed char and tarl (to be called residue, RES) formed in the pyrolysis step has to be known. It can be easily calculated by mass balances for each element (C, H, O) from the elemental analysis of the biomass (Ca Hg Oc) and the amounts of gases, char + tarl, and H2O generated in the pyrolysis step, calculated from eqn, 8 and values in Table 2 or similar ones. 

The biomass used was pine sawdust with a moisture content of about 10% and a particle size of -350+150 pm. The results of the elemental analysis (in % mass) of the pine sawdust are carbon 48.27%, hydrogen 6.45%, nitrogen 0.09%, and oxygen (by difference) 45.19%. 

The objective of the analysis of the thermally modified ash samples from the above two treatments by the SEM-EDX technique was to identify the main elements participating in the formation of the transformed ash structure and possibly obtain a better understanding of the phenomenon, by a correlation of the SEM-EDX results (presented in Tables 4-6) with the elemental analysis of the biomass ash (Table 2). 

Table 4 SEM-EDX elemental analysis of thermally treated (DTA/TGA) biomass ash,... 

Table S SEM-EDX elemental analysis of the sintered biomass ash samples at 750 C.

From elemental analysis, IR and C-NMR spectroscopy and GC-MS investigations of pyrolysates, PRB B isolated from the B race ca 10% of dry biomass), exhibits very similar structural features when compared to PRB A only slightly more important methyl-branching is observed in the former (77). In addition, feeding experiments with radio-labelled compounds confirmed the involvement of long unbranched, hydrocarbon chains in the biopolymer network. Indeed, sodium DL [2- " C] mevalonate, a botryococcene precursor, was poorly incorporated, while [lO- C] oleic acid resulted in strongly labelled PRB B (69, 72) in this latter case radioactivity was recovered both in the hydrocarbons and the fatty acids released on pyrolysis. To date the origin of PRB B is still obscure, no ether lipids similar to those found in the A race have been so far isolated from the B race. 

Table 9 Elemental analysis of microorganisms. Mass fractions are expressed as g per 100 g biomass. Mx is the mass of one C-mole of biomass, and y the generalized degree of reduction. The standard deviation is indicated in parenthesis [37,38]. 

A bacterium is grown aerobically with glucose as sole source of carbon and ammonium ions as nitrogen source. Experimental analysis shows that six moles of glucose are utilised for each mole of biomass produced. Write the reaction equation for growth if the elemental composition of the cells is CHi,666 CW Nojd. 

Multivariate curve resolution, 6 54—56 Multivariate linear regression, 6 32—35 Multivariate optical elements (MOE), 6 68 Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), 77 48, 49 22 720 26 737. See also Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) Multiwall nanotubes (MWNTs) synthesis of, 26 806 Multiwall fullerenes, 12 231 Multiwall nanotubes (MWNTs), 12 232 Multiwall paper bags, 78 11 Multiway analysis, 6 57-63 Multiyear profitability analysis, 9 535-537 Multiyear venture analysis, 0 537-544 sample, 9 542-S44 Mummification, 5 749 Mumps vaccine, 25 490 491 Mumps virus, 3 137 Municipal biosolids, as biomass, 3 684 Municipal distribution, potential for saline water use in, 26 55-56 Municipal effluents, disposal of, 26 54 Municipal landfill leachate, chemicals found in, 25 876t... 

In agriculture, excesses or deficiencies of essential and beneficial elements (Epstein, 1972 Hewitt and Smith, 1975 Webber, 1981) have profound effects on the health and hence the yields of plants. Chlorosis is often the visible deficiency symptom (Kabata-Pendias and Pendias, 1984). However, disturbances of metabolic processes and consequent losses of biomass production may occur before deficiency symptoms are recognised. Thus the analysis of plants for mineral and nutrient status is particularly important in agriculture. The agricultural agencies of many countries publish recommended analytical methods (for example, HMSO, 1986). 

During our studies, we observed an abundance of the small needle-shaped Pseudo-nitzschia species on Phaeocystis colonies provoking interest in both qualitative and quantitative analysis of this phenomenon. If Pseudo-nitzschia species comprise a significant fraction of total Phaeocystis colony biomass, it is essential to take this fact into consideration in the studies of food webs, vertical fluxes, biogeochemical element fluxes, etc. since Phaeocystis is a widely distributed phytoplankter and it often develops massive blooms (Schoemann et al. 2005). 

The quantitative analysis data are given in Table 1. A consideration of the data in Table 1 follows. Ashes of the biomasses analyzed contain most of the elements known to be essential for both plant and animal life. Thus ... 

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