Pioneering period

Erdmenger had worked together with A. Geberg since 1943 in W. Meskat s twin-screw core team in Wolfen, and he pursued this work intensively after 1945 for Bayer AG in Leverkusen, achieving success and acclaim with his team. His work comprised three fundamental components  

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A monograph (1) covers the pioneering period of sulfa dmg development and describes over 5000 sulfanilamide derivatives, their preparation, properties, trade names, and biological testing. This review is remarkably complete through 1944. Several thousand additional derivatives have been made since, but no comparable coverage is available. A definitive account of medical appHcations up to 1960 has been pubHshed (2), and a review of experimental antibacterial aspects has been made (3). Chapters on general aspects of sulfonamides and sulfones have appeared (4,5). A review of the clinical efficacy of trimethoprim—sulfamethoxazole has been pubHshed (6). 

A. The pioneering period—1977 to 1984. The ability of some metal carbonyls to catalyze the water gas shift reaction at low operating temperatures was discovered in the late 1970s, and several groups published heavily in this area at the time. For example, Pettit et a/. 18 3439 Ford et al., i i,32,60,66,73,86-88 Eisenberg et aL.2<>21M... 

The public interest in safe and healthy products or at least products not hampered by scandals is growing. In the area of environmental protection the first chemicals pioneer period , which was perceived almost completely positively by the public, has long since past and a strict level of regulation - at least for averting hazards and also as an initial step to taking precantions against risks - has generally been estabhshed. 

Hecker E. and Butenandt A. (1984) Bombykol revisited-reflections on a pioneering period and on some of its consequences. In Techniques in Pheromone Research, eds H. E. Hummel and T. A. Miller, pp. 1-44. Springer-Verlag, New York. 

Figure 2.17 illustrates another example of a highly specialized machine from the pioneering period. Produced around 1955, it has a degressive pitch in the transport direction, which, surprisingly, was cut from the solid feedstock. 

The development period of the co-rotating extruders, which was shaped by R. Erdmenger (he is portrayed in Fig. 2.21), is considered the pioneering period for this technology today. 

The high-viscosity processes developed during and after the pioneering period and the applications discovered for high-viscosity machines [8] are as striking as they are varied. 

Students of this subject will remember being struck by the opinion expressed in the first English edition of the influential textbook Statistical Physics (Landau and Lifshitz, 1969), associated with this pioneering period ... 

What did the pioneer first two decades of vitamin E research accomplish Theiy did much in spite of what you would call their snail s pace. They established the reality of this substance, quickly and irrefutably, for H. A. Mattill joined us at once in our claims (Mattill el al., 1924) and Sure asked for the abandonment of the term X and the legitimacy of the letter E, nexi in order (Sure, 1924, 1925). The pioneer period was distinguished by many discrete, often unrelated but sound, biological observations and above all by our resolute effort to proceed with as great an exactitude as we could command in a chemical delineation of the new substance, an epoch hence filled with the brilliant achievements of the Emersons, Fem-holz, Karrer, Todd,. John, and L. I. Smith. 

Many variants of the heuristic and gradient methods were proposed in 1950s. The perplexing thing about this pioneering period was that all programs proposed were ineffective in solving many practical problems. 

In the pioneering period of radiation chemical research, the radiation emitted by X-ray equipment was often utilized for irradiation purposes. Nowadays particle accelerators, and first of all electron accelerators are the main machine sources of radiation (Spinks and Woods 1990). 

Since the early pioneering period, the methods have been enormously advanced in the fields of not only polymer science but also soft-matter sciences in general. Therefore, it is quite timely to introduce the rheo-optical methods in this new version of Polymer Science A Comprehensive Reference. However, it should be stressed that the articles presented in Section 2.30.2 and Section 2.30.3 of this chapter cover only a part of the advances in the respective scientific fields. 

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