Biological tests

Porewater Toxicity Testing Biological, Chemical, and Ecological Considerations Carr and Nipper, editors 2003... 

The reproducibility of a determination is a critical element of a standard method, so they are carefully written to ensure that they can be followed accurately by any qualified laboratory. The designated test biological RMs must not only be reproducible in their reactions to the performance tests, but they must also respond in a predicable manner. In order to guarantee that the same strain of microorganisms could always be available, many of these biological RMs have been deposited with the ATCC and other culture collections around the world. 

The discovery of the phenomenal insecticidal activity of 1,1, l-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-ethane (DDT), which occurred less than 10 years ago, opened up a new field of endeavor for the chemist, biologist, and toxicologist. The activity in this field is considerable, and a portion of it has been directed toward efforts-to locate useful insecticides among the fluorine-containing compounds. Some of the fluorine compounds known to be insecticidal were re-evaluated, other compounds were tested biologically for the first time, and new compounds were prepared to be subjected to such tests. 

Assays are devised to test biological systems in the laboratories as they are readily available and provide a means to evaluate the effects of potential drug candidates. 

Numerous other metallatranes have also been tested biologically, but they show much lower effects than the silicon species. The mechanism of the toxic effects of silatranes is not clear in all cases so far. 

Winger, P.V., Albrecht, B., Anderson, B.S., Bay, S.M., Bona, F. and Stephenson, G.L. (2003) Comparison of porewater and solid-phase sediment toxicity tests, in R.S. Carr and M. Nipper (eds.), Porewater toxicity testing biological, chemical, and ecological considerations, SETAC Press, Pensacola, Florida, USA, pp. 37-61. 

What Do You Know About the Sample How many other compounds are present and what are their chemical characteristics Is it necessary to recover all of the components or only part of the material What will the collected fractions be used for—to test biological activity do structure elucidation ... 

Fig. 7 Hexadecane-water partition test. Biologically produced sulfur remains in the lower water phase (1) whereas crystalline sulfur remains in the upper hexadecane-phase (2) [40]...

Biological Tests Biological tests include sterility testing, pyrogen testing, and toxicity testing. 

Five separate destruction technologies were tested for the destruction of waste HMX and PBX high explosives (HE). Since incineration is the baseline technology, a series of tests was conducted at a commercial two-stage, fixed-hearth incinerator. Destruction by molten salt injection was tested at LLNL. The last three destruction techniques are based on a base hydrolysis (BH) explosive pretreatment to produce a nonexplosive solution for further treatment. Three secondary treatments for BH were tested, including hydrothermal, biodegradation, and thermal decomposition. BH and hydrothermal techniques were tested at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), and LLNL tested biological and thermal decomposition. 

Carr, R.S. and Nipper, M. (eds) (2001) Summary of a SETAC Technical Workshop on Porewa-ter Toxicity Testing Biological, Chemical, and Ecological Considerations with a Review of Methods and Applications, and Recommendations for Future Areas of Research, Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Pensacola, FL, USA. 

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