Biological suspensions

P. Zumbusch, W. Kulcke, G. Brunner. Use of alternating electric fields as antifouling strategy in ultrafiltration of biological suspensions. Introduction of a new experimental procedure for crossflow filtration. J Memb Sci 142-.15 (1998). R. L. Rowley, T. D. Shupe, M. W. Schuck. A direct method for determination of chemical potential with molecular dynamics simulations. 1. Pure components. Mol Phys 52 841, 1994. 

Integrative protein recovery operations are supposed to tolerate particle-containing biological suspensions as initial feedstock and to deliver a clarified product concentrate which can be transferred to further purification steps. Ideally, a first fractionation of the protein matrix contained in the feed is performed as well, thus combining clarification, concentration, and capture in a single process step. 

Wells CM, Lyddiatt A, Patel K (1987) Liquid fluidized bed adsorption in biochemical recovery from biological suspensions. In Verall MS, Hudson MJ (ed) Separations for biotechnology. Ellis Horwood, Chichester, p 217... 

Secondary Membranes for Flux Optimization in Membrane Filtration of Biologic Suspensions... 

Zumbusch P and Kulcke W. Use of alternating electrical fields as anti fouling strategy in ultrafiltration of biological suspensions Introduction of new experimental procedure for crossflow filtration. J Membr Sci 1998 142 75-86. 

Choi, H., Kai, Z., Dionysios, D. D., Daniel, B. O., George, A. S. (2005). Influence of cross-flow velocity on membrane performance during filtration of biological suspension. Journal of Membrane Science, 248, 189—199. 

Lyophilization. LyophiLization is essentially a drying technology. Some dmgs and biologicals are thermolabile and/or unstable in aqueous solution. Utilization of freeze drying permits the production of granules or powders that can be reconstituted by the addition of water, buffered solution, or mixed hydrophilic solvents just prior to use, eg, certain antibiotic suspensions. 

Dispersed Systems. Many fluids of commercial and biological importance are dispersed systems, such as soflds suspended in Hquids (dispersions) and Hquid-Hquid suspensions (emulsions). Examples of the former include inks, paints, pigment slurries, and concrete examples of the latter include mayonnaise, butter, margarine, oil-and-vinegar salad dressing, and milk. Blood seems to fall in between as it is a suspension of deformable but not hquid particles, and it does not behave like either a dispersion or an emulsion (69) it thus has an interesting rheology (70). 

The standard chemical and biological methods of analysis are those accepted by the JnitedStates Pharmacopeia XXIII as well as the ones accepted by the AO AC in 1995 (81—84). The USP method involves saponification of the sample (dry concentrate, premix, powder, capsule, tablet, or aqueous suspension) with aqueous alcohoHc KOH solvent extraction solvent removal chromatographic separation of vitamin D from extraneous ingredients and colormetric deterrnination with antimony trichloride and comparison with a solution of USP cholecalciferol reference standard. 

A lot of natural as well as technological objects of analytical control are colloidal systems, i.e. human blood, biological liquids, sol and suspension forming in different technological processes (ore-dressing, electrochemical deposition, catalysis and other), food, paint-and-lacquer materials, sewage water and other. 

Biological limits are also in force for lead and its compounds under the Control of Lead at Work Regulations 1998 different blood lead action, and suspension from work, levels apply to women of reproductive capacity, young persons and other employees. 

The main purpose of pesticide formulation is to manufacture a product that has optimum biological efficiency, is convenient to use, and minimizes environmental impacts. The active ingredients are mixed with solvents, adjuvants (boosters), and fillers as necessary to achieve the desired formulation. The types of formulations include wettable powders, soluble concentrates, emulsion concentrates, oil-in-water emulsions, suspension concentrates, suspoemulsions, water-dispersible granules, dry granules, and controlled release, in which the active ingredient is released into the environment from a polymeric carrier, binder, absorbent, or encapsulant at a slow and effective rate. The formulation steps may generate air emissions, liquid effluents, and solid wastes. 

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