Biological structures determination

Cryo-Electron Microscopy for Biological Structure Determinations... 

In this article the interpretation of various P NMR spectroscopic parameters, particularly chemical shifts and coupling constants will be described. A major emphasis will be placed on newer developments in 3ip NMR methods which have considerably expanded the utility of this important spectroscopic probe in organic and biological structure determination. 

Wuthrich K 1996 Biological macromolecules structural determination in solution Encyclopedia of NMR yo 2, ed D M Grant and R K Harris (Chichester Wiley) pp 932-9... 

Weak Forces Maintain Biological Structure and Determine Biomolecular Interactions... 

Riboflavin was first isolated from whey in 1879 by Blyth, and the structure was determined by Kuhn and coworkers in 1933. For the structure determination, this group isolated 30 mg of pure riboflavin from the whites of about 10,000 eggs. The discovery of the actions of riboflavin in biological systems arose from the work of Otto Warburg in Germany and Hugo Theorell in Sweden, both of whom identified yellow substances bound to a yeast enzyme involved in the oxidation of pyridine nucleotides. Theorell showed that riboflavin 5 -phosphate was the source of the yellow color in this old yellow enzyme. By 1938, Warburg had identified FAD, the second common form of riboflavin, as the coenzyme in D-amino acid oxidase, another yellow protein. Riboflavin deficiencies are not at all common. Humans require only about 2 mg per day, and the vitamin is prevalent in many foods. This vitamin... 

The opening sentence above says it all. NMR is by far the most valuable spectroscopic technique for structure determination. Although wei) just give an overview of the subject in this chapter, focusing on NMR applications to small molecules, more advanced NMR techniques are also used in biological chemistry to study protein structure and folding. 

Chapter 12, Structure Determination Mass Spectrometiy and Infrared Spectroscopy—A new Section 12.4 discusses mass spectrometry of biological molecules, focusing on time-of-flight instruments and soft ionization methods such as MAI.DI. 

Structural genomics aims to use high-throughput structure determination and computational analysis to provide structures and/or 3D-models of every tractable protein. The intention is to determine as many protein structures as possible and to exploit the solved structures for the assignment of biological function to hypothetical proteins. 

The acellular structure of real bone is modified continuously according to the internal stresses caused by applied loads. This process, which represents an attempt to optimize the strength-to-weight ratio in a biological structure, is achieved by the interaction between two types of cell, one that absorbs bone and the other that synthesises new bone. New bone is added where internal stresses are high, and bone is removed where stresses are low. An accurate finite-element model of this combined process could be used clinically to determine the course of traction that will maximise bone strength after recovery from a fracture. 

Aqueous solutions of formaldehyde, H2 CO, are used to preserve biological specimens. Determine the Lewis structure of formaldehyde. 

Marine sponges are a source of an array of polycyclic diamine alkaloids of common biogenetic origin. This class of secondary metabolites has been the subject of four previous reviews [4-7]. Therefore, the present review will include literature reports previously not discussed, dealing with the isolation, structure determination, biological activities, and total synthesis of polycycUc diamine alkaloids isolated from marine sponges. This review will not include guanidine alkaloids [8,9] or the manzamine alkaloids [10,11], since these compounds have been recently reviewed elsewhere. Only polycycUc... 

The neuropeptide Y (NPY) belongs to a family of peptides that includes peptide YY and pancreatic polypeptide, and it is associated with several diseases such as asthma, immune system disorders, inflammatory diseases, anxiety, depression and diabetes mellitus. NPY is found in the central and peripheral nervous system, and its biological functions are mediated by interactions with five receptor sub-types, i.e. Yl, Y2, Y4, Y5 and Y6. Several studies indicate that the feeding behavior is influenced by interactions between NPY and Yl and Y5. Deswal and Roy used Cerius descriptors and genetic function approximation QSAR to investigate the structural determinants for the inhibition potency of 24 compounds with the general structure 4 for the NPY Y5 receptor [31]. The best QSAR (H = 0.720,... 

Barbuch, R.J., Campanale, K., Hadden, C.E. et al. (2006) In vivo metabolism of [14C]ruboxistaurin in dogs, mice, and rats following oral administration and the structure determination of its metabolites by liquid chromatogra-phy/mass spectrometry and NMR spectrometry. Drug Metabolism and Disposition The Biological Fate of Chemicals, 34, 213-224. 

Rose, S. (1998), Lifelines Biology Beyond Determinism, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. Rosenberg, A. (1985), The Structure of Biological Science, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 

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