Biological markers future development

Identification of meaningful subtypes of OCD and clinical or biological markers of those subtypes presents an important challenge for the future. Subtype markers may serve as predictors of treatment response and help in the selection of appropriate treatment. At present, years can be lost before the best fit is found between the patient and the treatment. Future research is needed to develop new and better approaches to the patient with treatment-refractory OCD. 

It remains unclear whether there is a similar system in humans. For example, the molecular mechanisms responsible for the chemodetection of LCFA in the oral cavity are unknown. The identification of relevant, non-invasive biological markers may make it possible to answer this question in the future. Further data concerning gustatory fat perception in mammals may lead to the development of new therapeutic approaches (nutritional and pharmacological) to decrease the risk of obesity. 

The risk factors for developing EAC still remain unclear. As we better understand the epidemiology of the disease, we will be better able to screen patients and prevent the progression to advanced EAC. Further research into better noninvasive screening methods for BE, less invasive methods to survey for dysplasia, vahdation of biological markers to identify those at risk to develop EAC, and use of chemotherapeutic and endoscopic ablation techniques will hopefully result in a better prognosis for patients presenting with EAC in the future. 

The use of ELISA is broad and it finds applications in many biological laboratories over the last 30 years many tests have been developed and vahdated in different domains such as clinical diagnostics, pharmaceutical research, industrial control or food and feed analytics for instance. Our work has been to redesign the standard ELISA test to fit in a microfluidic system with disposable electrochemical chips. Many applications are foreseen since the biochemical reagents are directly amenable from a conventional microtitre plate to our microfluidic system. For instance, in the last 5 years, we have reported previous works with this concept of microchannel ELISA for the detection of thromboembolic event marker (D-Dimer) [4], hormones (TSH) [18], or vitamin (folic acid) [24], It is expected that similar technical developments in the future may broaden the use of electroanalytical chemistry in the field of clinical tests as has been the case for glucose monitoring. This work also contributes to the novel analytical trend to reduce the volume and time consumption in analytical labs using lab-on-a-chip devices. Not only can an electrophoretic-driven system benefit from the miniaturisation but also affinity assays and in particularly immunoassays with electrochemical detection. 

Specific reports on applications of this technique for forensic purposes are still scarce. The apparent reason for this slow penetration of CE into forensic genetics is twofold. First, the analysis of genetic markers by CE is not a simple technology, and it must be performed in a specialized laboratory. Second, the field of DNA fragment separation by CE is still being developed methodologically and is not an established technique as compared, for example, to slab gel electrophoresis. Nevertheless, this technique should become widespread in forensic biology in the relatively near future. 

Development of additional precise and sensitive methods with more delegate models, along with the development of good analytical biomarkers, will provide better imderstanding of tea s interaction with endogenous and exogenous factors. To further e q)lore the effect of tea consumption on cancer in humans, further research on the pharmacokinetics of tea components and their mechanisms of action is required. The development of biomarkers for tea consumption, in addition to molecular markers for biological effects, will contribute to better future studies. 

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