Biological markers applications

Derivatives of furozan and furoxan have a wide spectrum of applications. First of all they are used as starting materials in organic synthesis and pharmaceuticals. Particular attention has been focused on furoxans as sources of NO in biological studies, biological markers, fluorescent and energetic materials. 

Brusick D. 1983. Evaluation of chronic rodent bioassays and Ames assay tests as accurate models for predicting human carcinogens. In Milman HA, ed. Application of biological markers for carcinogen testing, 153-163. 

Recent advancements in genomics and proteomics have generated considerable interest in the discovery and validation of biomarkers in mechanism-based drug development [69-71], These advances have been welcomed to reduce the cost, increase success rates, and accelerate timelines in the drug discovery and development process. Herein, a brief overview of the application of biological markers in early discovery, development, toxicological assessments, and efficacy studies in humans is presented. 

Requejo A. G. (1992) Quantitative analysis of triterpane and sterane biomarkers methodology and applications in molecular maturity studies. In Biological Markers in Sediments and Petroleum (eds. J. M. Moldowan, P. Albrecht, and R. P. Philp). Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, pp. 223 -240. 

Mackenzie A. S. (1984) Application of biological markers in petroleum geochemistry. In Advances in Petroleum Geochemistry (eds. J. Brooks and D. H. Welte). Acadeitric Press, vol. 1, PP- 115-214. 

Moldowan J. M., Dahl J. E., McCaffrey M. A., Smith W. J., and Fetzer J. C. (1995) Application of biological marker technology to bioremediation of refinery by-products. Energy Fuels 9(1), 155-162. 

Calvo MS, Eyre DR, Gundberg CM. Molecular basis and clinical application of biological markers of bone turnover. Endocr. Rev, 1996 17 333-68. 

Whyatt, R. M., and Perera. F, P. (1995). Application of biologic markers to. studies of envirotimctital risks in children and the developing fetus. Environ. Health Perspect. 103, 105-110. 

A.S. Mackenzie, Applications of biological markers in petroleum geochemistry, in J. Brook and D. Welte, eds.. Advances in Petroleum Geochemistry, vol. 1, 1984, Academic Pr., London, pp. 115-213. 

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