Biological markers commonly used

A restricted number of applicable fluonne markers may also be viewed as a Imutabon The tnfluoroacetyl moiety has been the most commonly used group, used m sbidies of ammo acids, steroids, and carbohydrates Enhanced F NMR detection should be possible with specifically designed agents of opumal biological and spectral properbes... 

The hippocampus is not smaller in all patients with schizophrenia, i.e., hippocampal volume alone is not a biological marker and cannot be used to make the diagnosis of schizophrenia. Furthermore, several other diseases, most notably unipolar depression (Campbell and Macqueen, 2004), PTSD (Smith, 2005), and alcoholism (Geuze et al., 2005) are also associated with reduced hippocampal volume. Does smaller hippocampal volume tell us something about a unique pathology in schizophrenia or is hippocampal volume decrease the final common pathway of several pathological conditions ... 

Quantitative analysis of flavonoids in plant, food, and biological samples is important because these compounds are partially responsible for the biological activity and medical benefits in these products. Flavonoids are commonly used as chemical markers for quality control purpose of plant and food products. 

AUC and Cmax are commonly measured to identify safety ratios for new chemical entities. Since the analytical methods used for biotechnologically derived pharmaceuticals may lack specificity, a clinical marker of biological activity or efficacy may sometimes be more appropriate than exposure data. 

Methods for Determining Biomarkers of Exposure and Effect. Section 2.6.1 reported on biomarkers used to identify or quantify exposure to diazinon. Some methods for the detection of the parent compound in biological samples were described above. The parent chemical is quickly metabolized so the determination of metabolites can also serve as biomarkers of exposure. The most specific biomarkers will be those metabolites related to 2-isopropyl-6-methyl-4-hydroxypyrimidine. A method for this compound and 2-(r-hydroxy-l -methyl)-ethyl-6-methyl-4-hydroxypyrimidine in dog urine has been described by Lawrence and Iverson (1975) with reported sensitivities in the sub-ppm range. Other metabolites most commonly detected are 0,0-diethylphosphate and 0,0-diethylphosphorothioate, although these compounds are not specific for diazinon as they also arise from other diethylphosphates and phosphorothioates (Drevenkar et al. 1993 Kudzin et al. 1991 Mount 1984 Reid and Watts 1981 Vasilic et al. 1993). Another less specific marker of exposure is erythrocyte acetyl cholinesterase, an enzyme inhibited by insecticidal organophosphorus compounds (see Chapter 2). Methods for the diazinon-specific hydroxypyrimidines should be updated and validated for human samples. Rapid, simple, and specific methods should be sought to make assays readily available to the clinician. Studies that relate the exposure concentration of diazinon to the concentrations of these specific biomarkers in blood or urine would provide a basis for the interpretation of such biomarker data. 

---