Biodiesel fuels emissions

C. Sharp, Exhaust emission and performance of diesel engines with biodiesel fuels, Southwest Research Institute, 1998. 

The commercial biodiesel fuel significantly reduced PM exhaust emissions (75-83%) compared to the petrodiesel base fuel. However, NO exhaust emissions increased slightly with commercial biodiesel compared to the base fuel. The chain length of the compounds had little effect on NO, and PM exhaust emissions, while the influence was greater on HC and CO, the latter being reduced with decreasing chain length. Non-saturation in the fatly compounds causes an increase in NO exhaust emissions. 

Laforgia, D., Ardito, V. 1994. Biodiesel fueled IDl engines performanees, emissions and heat release investigation. Biores Teehnol 51 53-59. 

Lapuerta M, Armas O, Rodriguez-Femandez J (2008) Effect of biodiesel fuels on diesel engine emissions. Prog Energy Combust Sci 34 198-223... 

Fatty acid mono-ester diesel fuel (or biodiesel) has advantage over petroleum-based fuel in being a renewable source of energy, virtually free of sulfur and aromatic compounds (Bagley et al., 1998). Biodiesel fuel reduces total particle volume concentration and does not increase any of the potentially toxic, health related emissions. 

In comparison, the average tree consumes only 1 ton of COz in a lifetime, and an acre of rainforest consumes about 500 tons yearly. When agribusiness, the ethylene industry, or pulp and paper corporations turn forests or rainforests into farmland, they also destroy an effective consumer of COz. The world s fastest-disappearing forests are in Indonesia, where they are cut down either to make paper pulp or to be replaced by palm oil plantations. Palm oil is mostly used to make biodiesel fuels. Tropical deforestation not only results in COz emissions (20% of the global total), but it also poisons the rivers. 

Bagley, S. T., Gratz, L. D., Johnson, J. H., and McDonald, J. F. 1998. Effects of an Oxidation Catalytic Converter and a Biodiesel Fuel on the Chemical, Mutagenic, and Particle Size Characteristics of Emissions from a Diesel Engine. Environ. Sci. Technol., 32,1183-1191. 

L., Burling, K., and Howell, S. 2002. Effects of Subchronic Inhalation Exposure of Rats to Emissions from a Diesel Engine Burning Soybean Oil-Derived Biodiesel Fuel. Inhalat. Toxicol, 14,1017-1018. 

Sharp, C. A., Howell, S. A., and Jobe, J. 2000. The Effect of Biodiesel Fuels on Transient Emissions from Modern Diesel Engines. Part I, Regulated Emissions and... 

Monyem, A. J.H. Van Gerpen M. Canakci. The effect of timing and oxidation on emissions from biodiesel-fueled engines. Trans. ASAE 2001, 44, 35-42. 

Now that many jurisdictions regulate the sulphur and biodiesel content of diesel fuel, significant variability exists in diesel fuel composition and, consequently, UFP emissions. One investigation has demonstrated a 30% decrease in PM emissions with use of 100% biodiesel fuel but the soluble organic fraction increased by 40% (Sharp 1998). The sulphur content in diesel fuel also greatly influences the observed UFP emissions. In jurisdictions that have implemented ultra-low sulphur fuel, significant reductions in ambient UFP have been observed (WShlin 2009). 

Because of its renewability, biodegradability, and better quality of exhaust gas emission (http //www.netl.doe.gov/tech-nologies/coalpower/ewr/water/pdfs/Water%20Energy%20 Overview 2010.pdf), biodiesel as a source of energy has been receiving great attention [149]. Biodiesel is produced via different techniques such as direct/blends [150], microemulsion [151], pyrolysis [152], and transesterification [153]. Among these methods, transesterification reactions to convert fats and oils into biodiesel fuel are the most adopted technique... 

Lebedevas,S.,Vaicekauskas,A.,Lebedeva,G.,Makareviciene, V, Janulis, E, Kazancev, K. (2006) Use of waste fats of animal and vegetable origin for the production of biodiesel fuel quality, motor properties, and emissions of harmful components. Energy Fuels, 20, 2274-2280. 

There has been growing interest in the application of methanol as an alternative fuel that can be directly used in Otto engines or fuel cells [1]. Its potential as an alternative fuel is due to its favorable combustion properties, which include low emission of particulates and nitrogen oxides [2], In addition, methanol is commonly used as an alcohol for producing biodiesel because of its low price, although other alcohols such as ethanol or isopropanol may yield a biodiesel fuel with better properties. 

Dr Adam Harvey at Newcastle University (Harvey, 2006) is examining the use of oscillatory baffle reactors as components to intensify the production of biodiesel fuels. The research at Newcastle University uses rapeseed oil as the feedstock, the atfiaction being generally that it is a renewable energy source, it reduces CO2 emissions and pollution and it attracts tax relief in the UK at present. The range of PI projects in this area include a portable plant, solid catalysts (which allow a reduced number of process steps compared to liquid catalysts), the development of a reactive extraction process direct from the oilseeds, examination of cold flow properties and the production of biodiesel from algae. 

Gautam, A., Agarwal, A.K., 2013. Experimental investigations of comparative performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a cottonseed biodiesel-fueled four-stroke locomotive diesel engine. International Journal of Engine Research 14 (4), 354—372. 

Mutlu, E., Nash, D.G., et al., 2015. Generation and characterization of diesel engine combustion emissions from petroleum diesel and soybean biodiesel fuels and application for inhalation exposure studies. Inhalation Toxicology 27 (11), 515—532. 

Sanli, H., Canakci, M., et al., 2015. Effects of waste flying oil based methyl and ethyl ester biodiesel fuels on the performance, combustion and emission characteristics of a D.I. diesel engine. Euel 159, 179—187. 

The effect of biodiesel fuel from Jatropha curcas oil in DI diesel engines on the components of the engine influenced by fuel before (injection pump, injector) and after the combustion process (piston crown, cylinder head) were studied (Reksowardojo et al., 2005a,c). The test bed procedure used was that commonly used for injection cleanliness evaluation adopted by World-Wide Fuel Charter (December 2002) (ACEA, 2002). Exhaust gas emissions such as nitrogen oxides (NO c), carbon monoxide (CO), brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC), and engine lubricant before and after the test were also measured. 

It is shown in Fig. 23.20 that with use of B5 fuel the HC, CO, and PM were reduced 12.29%, 8.60%, 2.25% respectively, while NOjc was increased 1.93%. The reduction of HC, CO, and PM, and the increasing of NOjc emissions with biodiesel fuels have already mentioned by many researches. Those shown in Fig. 23.21 by US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2002) are an example of these effects. 

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