Biochemistry, of carbohydrates

D. French, Chemistry and Biochemistry of Starch, in W. J. Whelan(ed.), Biochemistry of Carbohydrates, Biochemistry Series one, Vol. 5, Universty Park Press, Baltimore, 1975 pp. 267-335, ... 

It may be concluded, from the analysis of the Raman results, that the information provided by Raman spectroscopy is, in essence, similar to that of infrared spectroscopy. The exploitation of the data, namely, the frequencies and intensities due to the molecular vibrations, is of a certain benefit in giving some insight as to the conformations of carbohydrates, and their interactions with the environment. As laser-Raman spectroscopy is applicable to solids, as well as to aqueous solutions, the linear relationship between Raman intensities and mass concentrations, and the specificity and high quality of the spectra experimentally obtained, make this technique particularly promising in investigations of the chemistry and biochemistry of carbohydrates. 

L. M. Gogilashvili, T. N. Druzhinina, and V. N. Shibaev, Khimiya iBiokhimiya Uglevodov (Abstr. VII, USSR Conference on Chemistry and Biochemistry of Carbohydrates), Putschino, 1982, p. 29. 

Radiation Biochemistry of Carbohydrates. Normal autolytic processes are not affected by pasteurizing doses of ionizing radiation. The principal source of volatile base in irradiated and unirradiated or sterile fish or shellfish tissues is through enzymatic amination of adenosine monophosphate to the flavor-active compound inosine monophosphate. 

The IOKh s life-science division was developing the chemistry of steroids, terpenoids, proteins, and carbohydrates. Flourishing in the Institute, the Kochetkov s laboratory contributed significantly to the chemistry and biochemistry of carbohydrates and became one of the leading laboratories in this field in the world. 

Gabriel O, van Lenten L (1978) The interconversion of monosaccharides. In Manners DJ (ed) International Review of Biochemistry Biochemistry of Carbohydrates II Vol 16. University Park Press, Baltimore, p 1... 

L. Rod6n, and N. B. Schwartz, Biosynthesis of Connective Tissue Proteoglycans, in MTP International Review of Science, Biochemistry, Ser. 1, Biochemistry of Carbohydrates, (W. Whelan, Ed.), N.T. Butterworths, London (1975). 

If you exclude all carbs from your diet, you will lose weight quickly and easily - but is this the best thing to do Knowing more about the biochemistry of carbohydrates might well help you make a decision... 

The two compounds differ physically only in the orientation of their crystals and the direction in which their solutions rotate polarized light. These may seem like trivial differences, but when such optical isomers interact with other asymmetric molecules (especially enzymes) they may acquire very different chemical reactivities. This principle of optical selectivity is central to the biochemistry of carbohydrates (and other classes of naturally occurring compounds as well). The manner of drawing the two isomers as shown in the top part of Figure III-I is called the Fischer projection. In this projection, the most oxidized (aldehyde) end of the molecule is drawn up and is considered to be behind the plane of the paper. The -CH2OH end is drawn down and is also behind the plane. Because the groups are... 

Attempts at understanding of the structure and function of sugars date back to the work of eminent scientists active at the turn of the 19th/20th century. This field of research has developed into today s flourishing area of chemistry and biochemistry of carbohydrates. Over the years major scientific contributions have been associated with this research area and the results have had a strong impact on general chemistry. 

In Chapters 7-13, the focus shifts to the biochemistry of carbohydrates and the exploration of fundamental principles related to cell signaling and protein-carbohydrate interactions on a molecular level. Sialic acids are a class of nine-carbon monosaccharides found at the termini of oligosaccharides in many mammalian cellular systems. Randall Halcomb and Mark Chappell (Chapter 7) summarize the most current sialylation technology. Both chemical and enzymatic methodologies for coupling sialic acid to various carbohydrate moieties are examined while providing the reader with chemical detail that one requires to work in this field. 

Publications on the chemistry and biochemistry of carbohydrates, steroids, and fluoro-organic compounds that were guided by Smith number over 200. A summary statement of the organic compounds of fluorine was presented by him in 1947 [Ann. Repts., Cheni. Soc., London, 86-119 (1947)]. Work on the aminosteroids (with Jean Barnett, Brenda E. Ryman, Sybil P. James, A. S. Jones, M. Stacey, and M. Webb) and on derivatives of the bile acids (with I. W. Hughes, A. S. Jones, and M. Webb)... 

Mopper, K., 1973. Aspects of the biochemistry of carbohydrates in aquatic environments. Thesis, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, Woods Hole, Mass., 221 pp. 

The chemistry and biochemistry of carbohydrates in general is detailed in a four-volume series (31), and a comprehensive treatment of polysaccharides can be found in the three volumes edited by AspinaU (32). A multiauthored treatise on polysaccharides published in 2005 (33) covers a wide range of aspects of the structural diversity, biological relevance, and technological apphcations of polysaccharides. A volume in the series Comprehensive Natural Product Chemistry edited by Pinto (34) provides extensive detail on the biosynthesis and biological role of carbohydrates. 

French, D. "Biochemistry of Carbohydrates, Biochemistry, Series One" University Park Press Baltimore, 1975 ... 

Modern techniques of high pressure liquid chromatography and isotacho-phoresis have not yet made much impact on the biochemistry of carbohydrates, but will soon do so. Nevertheless, some problems remain, especially with regard to the detection of sugars, where procedures at least comparable in sensitivity to the use of dansyl reagents in protein chemistry are badly needed. 

Monosaccharides are most readily obtained from natural sources in that respect D-glucose plays a central role in the biochemistry of carbohydrates. 

Glyceraldehyde is a common name the lUPAC name for this monosaccharide is 2,3-dihydroxypropanal. Similarly, dihydroxyacetone is a common name its lUPAC name is 1,3-dihydroxypropanone. The common names for these and other monosaccharides, however, are so firmly rooted in the literature of organic chemistry and biochemistry that they are used almost exclusively to refer to these compounds. Therefore, throughout our discussions of the chemistry and biochemistry of carbohydrates, we use the names most common in the literature of chemistry and biochemistry. 

Stepanenko, B.N. (1977) Chemistry arul Biochemistry of Carbohydrates (Polysaccharides). (In Russian). Vyschaya shkola, Moscow. CmerutHemco B. H. Xumuh u buoxuMua ycAeeodoe (nojiucaxapudbi). M. Buctuaa uacojia.- 1977.-C. 285. 

Biochemistry of Carbohydrates , ed. W. J. Whelan, MTP International Review of Science, Biochemistry Series One, Vol. 5, Butterworths and University Park Press, London and Baltimore, 1975. 

The material has been arranged according to didactic needs. Though many textbooks begin with carbohydrates, this seemed to be inappropriate, since the chemistry as well as the biochemistry of carbohydrates is rather complicated. Therefore we begin with simple compounds like amino acids (the introductory chapter on organic chemistry is mainly a short compendium of some relevant facts), and then turn to proteins and to enzyme proteins, leaving the carbohydrates for a later chapter. No distinction has been made between descriptive biochemistry, the chemistry of natural products, and dynamic biochemistry or metabolism. On the contrary, in some chapters the chemical structures of the natural compounds have been deduced from the description of their biosyntheses. 

Rees, D.A. (1975) Stereochemistry and binding behaviour of carbohydrate chains, in Biochemistry of Carbohydrates (ed. W.J. Whelan), Butterworth, pp. 1—42. 

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