Date sugar

Dattel,/. date, -baum, m., -palme,/. date tree, date palm, -pflaume, /. persimmon, date plum, -wein, m. date wine, -zucker, m. date sugar. 

Date sugar (also miel de palma, palm honey, palm syrup) is obtained from the sweet fleshy fruit of the date palm Phoenix canariensis) which contains up to 81% sugar consisting primarily of sucrose as the principal disaccharide."... 

The natural moisture of the cocoa bean combined with the heat of roasting cause many chemical reactions other than flavor changes. Some of these reactions remove unpleasant volatile acids and astringent compounds, partially break down sugars, modify tannins and other nonvolatile compounds with a reduction in bitterness, and convert proteins to amino acids that react with sugars to form flavor compounds, particularly pyrazines (4). To date, over 300 different compounds, many of them formed during roasting, have been identified in the chocolate flavor (5). 

The standard Champagne cocktail is Champagne poured over a sugar cube soaked in Angostura bitters. The drink dates back to the... 

To date, the structural features of pectic polysaccharides and plant cell walls have been studied extensively using chemical analysis and enzymatic degradation. In addition, research on isolation and physicochemical characterisation of pectin from citrus peels, apple peels, sunflower head residues and sugar beet pulp has been reported (2). However, the pectic polysaccharides extracted from wheat straw have only previously been reported by Przeszlakowska (3). The author extracted 0.44% pectic substances from Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. 

In order to avoid the problems of weak signals from typical solid samples, all NMR/MRI signals from granular particles to date have been obtained with solid particles containing liquids. The majority of experiments have been done either with seeds that naturally contain oils, predominantly mustard seeds, or pharmaceutical pills that contain liquid cores. In some cases, however, solid beads were impregnated with liquid to make them NMR-visible. In one case, it was oil-soaked sugar particles [12], while in another, acetone was imbibed into catalytic materials... 

The only example to date of direct addition of a carbohydrate residue to a peptide chain was the coupling72 of 2-acetamido-4-0-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-/ -D-glucopyranosyl)-2-deoxy-/ -D-glucopyranosylamine (37) with sodium poly(L-aspartate) in the presence of 3-(3-dimethylamino-propyl)-l-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride.73 The proportion of sugar residues introduced into the peptide chain was limited. 

Fig. 19.1. Structure of phosphorylcholine (PC). PC is involved in phosphodiester linkage to carbohydrate in a number of lower organisms, including filarial nematodes (linking sugar appears to be A/-acetylglucosamine on species examined to date).

Attention was first directed toward the dextrans about the middle of the last century as these slimes were at times a serious problem in the wine and beet sugar industries. In the latter, jelly-like masses blocked the filters and interfered with the refining processes by retarding crystallization. Dextran, at various times, was regarded as a protoplasmic constituent of the beet cell,22 a product of sucrose fermentation, and as cellulose produced by fermentation.22 The empirical formula, (CeHioOs)n, for dextran was obtained2422 at an early date (about 1875) on hydrolysis, the substance was found to yield only D-glucose.1422-24 A tribenzoate and a triacetate of dextran were prepared by Daumichen.24... 

Monte Carlo may be used to study the lateral distribution of lipid molecules in mixed bilayers. This of course is a very challenging problem, and, to date, the only way to obtain relevant information for this is to reduce the problem to a very simplistic two-dimensional lattice model. In this case, the lipid molecules occupy a given site and can be in one of the predefined number of different states. These pre-assigned states (usually about 10 are taken), are representative conformations of lipids in the gel or in the liquid state. Each state interacts in its own way with the neighbouring molecules (sitting on neighbouring sites). Typically, one is interested in the lateral phase behaviour near the gel-to-liquid phase transition of the bilayer [69,70]. For some recent simulations of mixtures of DMPC and DSPC, see the work of Sugar [71]. 

The Major Facilitator Superfamily (MFS) [95-97] is the largest secondary transporter family known in the genomes sequenced to date [98], These polytopic integral membrane proteins enable the transport of a wide range of solutes, including amino acids, sugars, ions, and toxins. Medically relevant members of the family include the bacterial efflux pumps associated with... 

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