Biochemical parameter

Recently in the surveillance of exposed workers, it has proved useful to carry out analysis of the harmful compound or its metabolites using biological material or a change of biochemical parameters caused by the harmful chemical or its metabolites. 

A bioassay is a test designed to measure the effect of a chemical on a test population of organisms. The effect may be a physiological or biochemical parameter, such as growth rate, respiration, or enzyme activity. In the case of drilling fluids, bioassays lethality is the measured effect. 

Kitchin KT, Brown JL, Kulkami AP. 1992. Predictive assay for rodent carcinogenicity using in vivo biochemical parameters Operational characteristics and complementarity. Mutat Res 266 253-272. 

In a 20-week multicenter intervention trial with lutein in healthy human subjects, no changes were noted in hematological or biochemical parameters after continuous daily lutein doses of 15 mg (0.25 mg/kg body weight, assuming a body weight of 60 kg). A relatively large number of human studies have examined correlations between macular degeneration and dietary intake of lutein or zeaxanthin, intakes via dietary supplements, and serum concentrations. 

Although these studies were designed to look for ocular effects, no adverse effects of these xanthophylls were reported where clinical or biochemical parameters were also examined. 

John, R., Ahmad, P., Gadgil, K., and Sharma, S., Effect of cadmium and lead on growth, biochemical parameters and uptake in Lemna polyrrhiza L., Plant Soil and Environment, 54 (6), 262-270, 2008. 

Pesticide) Triclosan Aire River (UK) Surface water - Physical, chemical, and biochemical parameters - Geographical production and consumption patterns [51]... 

Munoz, M.J., M. Carballo, and J.V. Tarazona. 1991. The effect of sublethal levels of copper and cyanide on some biochemical parameters of rainbow trout along subacute exposition. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 100C 577-582. 

Cyanide poisoning is associated with changes in various physiological and biochemical parameters. The earliest effect of cyanide intoxication in mice seems to be inhibition of hepatic rhodanese... 

McKee, M.J. and C.O. Knowles. 1986. Effects of fenvalerate on biochemical parameters, survival, and reproduction of Daphnia magna. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 12 70-84. 

Asztalos, B., J. Nemcsok, I. Benedeczky, R. Gabriel, A. Szabo, and OJ. Refaie. 1990. The effects of pesticides on some biochemical parameters of carp (Cyprinus carpio L). Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 19 275-283. Autor, A.P. (ed.). 1977. Biochemical Mechanisms of Paraquat Toxicity. Academic Press, New York. 240 pp. Babich, H., M.R. Palace, and A. Stern. 1993. Oxidative stress in fish cells in vitro studies. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 24 173-178. 

Ilett, K.F., B. Stripp, R.H. Menard, W.D. Reid, and J.R. Gillette. 1974. Studies on the mechanism of the lung toxicity of paraquat comparison of tissue distribution and some biochemical parameters in rats and rabbits. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 28 216-226. 

Weight and serum albumin concentration have the best correlation with clinical outcome the cost-effectiveness of other biochemical parameters is not known. 

Rasmussen, L.E. (1979) Some biochemical parameters in the coelacanth, Latimeria chalumnae, ventricular and notochordal fluids. In J. McCosker and M. Lagios (Eds.), The Biology and Physiology of the Living Coelacanth. Calif. Acad. Sci. 134, 94-111. 

TABLE 7.4. Association of Changes in Biochemical Parameters with Actions at Particular Target Organs... 

Because PB-PK models are based on physiological and anatomical measurements and all mammals are inherently similar, they provide a rational basis for relating data obtained from animals to humans. Estimates of predicted disposition patterns for test substances in humans may be obtained by adjusting biochemical parameters in models validated for animals adjustments are based on experimental results of animal and human in vitro tests and by substituting appropriate human tissue sizes and blood flows. Development of these models requires special software capable of simultaneously solving multiple (often very complex) differential equations, some of which were mentioned in this chapter. Several detailed descriptions of data analysis have been reported. 

The low acute toxicity of LC-AmB would be expected to allow higher cumulative doses of the antibiotic to be administered. This hypothesis was tested in CDl mice, which were given various doses of LC-AmB daily for three weeks. Groups were also treated with Fungizone (0.5mg/kg) and Abelcet (10 mg/kg) according to the same regimen. At the end of the treatment period, mice were sacrificed and various biochemical parameters were measured (28). 

Methotrexate is an antimetabolite chemotherapeutic agent, which may also be used for severe resistant psoriasis. The dose is usually administered orally once a week. Haematological and biochemical parameters are monitored throughout treatment. 

For some substances, information on some toxicological endpoints is available from clinical and physiological investigations such as provocation tests for detecting allergy, lung function tests, and analyses of biochemical parameters and biomarkers for exposure or effects. 

Fluctuations in enzyme levels or biochemical parameters, which obviously are effects exerted by the chemical, but will generally not result in an impairment of the body function(s) such effects are often interpreted as indicators of adverse effects at higher exposure levels. 

Adolph (1949, as cited in Davidson et al. 1986, Voisin et al. 1990, ECETOC 2003) compiled a list of 34 morphological, physiological, and biochemical parameters, which correlated with interspecies body weight in accordance with the following general allometric equation ... 

TNO considered that the biological significance of the critical adverse effect in terms of its presumable health consequence should be considered in the selection of assessment factor (Hakkert et al. 1996). For example, a reversible change in a biochemical parameter of doubtful toxicological significance may warrant the use of an additional factor smaller than 1, whereas, e.g., microscopically visible tissue damage may indicate application of a factor higher than 1. The default value is 1. 

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