Bio-diesels

The food technologist may be especially interested in the fate of the carotenoids in the seed oil. Like red palm oil, the resulting carotenoid-pigmented canola oil may be more stable due to the antioxidant properties of carotenoids and may be more attractive to consumers. Alternatively, for food security concerns, transgenic soybean or canola oils and seed meals that are genetically modified for more efficient bio-diesel production may be bio-safety marked with lipid-soluble carotenoids and water-soluble anthocyanins, respectively. Potatoes are excellent potential sources of dietary carotenoids, and over-expression of CrtB in tubers led to the accumulation of P-carotene. Potatoes normally have low levels of leaf-type carotenoids, like canola cotyledons. 

Apart from being used as bio-diesel , fatty acid esters, which are obtained from fatty acids and alcohols, are becoming increasingly interesting as biodegradable replacements for mineral oils. In some application areas such as chain-saw oil, gearbox oils, hydraulic oils and lubricants for crude oil production these oleochemical products have already proved themselves. 

All these circumstances have lead the industry to begin searching for a new source of energy an alternative and completely petroleum-independent power source. Several technologies are being researched, such as biomass (bio-diesel, ethanol), renewable ocean sources (wave, tidal, and thermal), hydrogen, and many more. 

Among theses energy sources Bio-diesel and ethanol have experienced impressive development in recent years, positioning these products in the market as an ecological alternative to the oil crisis. Unfortunately, Bio-diesel and ethanol are food-based... 

Galbraith, R. M. C., and Hertz, P. B. 1997. The Rocle Test for Diesel and Bio-Diesel Fuel Lubricity. SAE Tech. Pap. Ser. Warrendale PA Society of Automotive Engineers (Paper No. 972904). 

Oleochemicals are derivatives of fats and oils that are used in the chemical industry to produce a wide variety of products that are then used in numerous applications. The chemical reactions that are used require clean, relatively high-quality raw materials in most, but not all, cases. Some of these markets purchase raw materials on price alone, so they usually get the lowest quality oils. The successful operation can take the cheapest waste oils and convert them into high-value end-products. A good example of this is the conversion of spent restaurant grease into bio-diesel fuel. 

Bio-diesel differs from the term bio-fuel in that bio-diesel is conventionally defined as a bio-fiiel that is produced through frani -esterification of the oil or fat with methyl alcohol resulting in the formation of methyl esters (bio-diesel feedstock) and the byproduct glycerine. Bio-diesel can be made from animal fats, recycled cooking oils, restaurant greases, vegetable oils, marine oils, and others. The product has been produced in Europe for many years, and European development is more advanced than in the United States. Table 10 shows the relative production of bio-diesel in five European countries compared with the United States for three different years, 1997, 2000, and 2003 (29). 

US EPA, A Comprehensive Analysis of Bio-diesel Impacts on Exhaust Emissions, Draft Technical Report EPA420-P-02-001 (2002). Available http //www.epa.gov/otaq/ models/biodsl. htm. 

P. B. Hertz, Bio-diesel Engine Wear Tests Using Canola Fuel Additives (1997). Available http //www.scdc.sk.ca/html/rese fs.html. 

Bio-oil from pyrolysis or its aqueous, carbohydrate-derived fraction, hemicellulose-rich solution from steam-aqueous fractionation, and glycerin from bio-diesel production can be catalytically steam reformed to generate hydrogen using commercial nickel-based catalysts. 

Besides developing alternative fuel sources, like bio-diesel, we are producing better vehicles that are more efficient at combusting the petroleum fuel, and thus producing lower carbon dioxide emissions. 

Using TLC-NDIR detection, it is possible to differentiate between important industrial products of biogenic and nonbiogenic origin. Mineral oil diesel and bio-diesel can be clearly distinguished from each other. The same applies to mineral oil-based lubricants and bio-lubricants based on rape oil, whose chromatograms are shown in Fig. 107a,b. 

Thus, glycerol, the most important starter for the synthesis of polyether polyols for flexible PU foams and for polyether for rigid foams is produced by the hydrolysis of natural triglycerides (esters of glycerol with fatty acids with C6 to C22 carbon atoms), from vegetable or animal resources (reaction 17.1) [1]. Large quantities of glycerol appear in bio-diesel production, by transesterification of natural oils with methanol. 

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