Commercial uses of hydrogen

As the large scale commercial use of hydrogen fluoride is now well established, particularly in the petroleum industry, the techniques of the use of large size equipment is well known. Reports are available on various aspects of industrial use. A book has been published with particular reference to paraffin alkylation (Phillips Petroleum Company, 13). Corrosion, instrumentation, materials of construction, safety measures, etc., are included. The following journal articles also contain material of interest on large scale technique (Holmberg and Prange, 17, Frey, 18, Fehr, 19). There are certain features that need to be watched, such as corrosion, embrittlement, etc., but the above references deal with these subjects. Corrosion is not particularly serious in properly constructed equipment except where air enters. 

More recently, the hydrogenation of vegetable oils has become less attractive, since trans isomers are considered nutritionally undesirable because they behave as saturated fatty acids by increasing the ratio of LDL to HDL in blood (see Chapter 13). For this reason, the commercial use of hydrogenated oils has... 

The electrolytic processes for commercial production of hydrogen peroxide are based on (/) the oxidation of sulfuric acid or sulfates to peroxydisulfuric acid [13445-49-3] (peroxydisulfates) with the formation of hydrogen and (2) the double hydrolysis of the peroxydisulfuric acid (peroxydisulfates) to Caro s acid and then hydrogen peroxide. To avoid electrolysis of water, smooth platinum electrodes are used because of the high oxygen overvoltage. The overall reaction is... 

Two other important commercial uses of initiators are in polymer cross-linking and polymer degradation. In a cross-linking reaction, atom abstraction, usually a hydrogen abstraction, occurs, followed by termination by coupling of two polymer radicals to form a covalent cross-link ... 

Commercial use of many chlorinated derivatives imposes stress on the stabHity of the solvent. Inhibitors classified as antioxidants (qv), acid acceptors, and metal stabilizers are added to minimize these stresses. AH the chloriaated derivatives hydrolyze at a slow but finite rate when dissolved ia water. Hydrolysis of chloriaated solvents typicaHy Hberates hydrogen chloride that can corrode storage containers and commercial metal-cleaning equipment. The Hberated hydrogen chloride can be neutralized by an appropriate epoxide to form noncorrosive chlorohydrins (qv). 

The only disadvantage to the use of hydrogen as a carrier gas Is the real or perceived explosion hazard from leaks within the column oven. Experience has shoim that the conditions required for a catastrophic explosion may never be achieved in practice.. However, commercially available gas sensors will automatically switch off the column oven and carrier gas flow at air-hydrogen mixtures well below the explosion threshold limit [143]. 

Lithium reacts with acetylene in liquid ammonia solution to give the mono and dilithium acetylides, LiC=CH and LiC=CLi, with the evolution of hydrogen, which illustrates the slight acidity of acetylene. One commercial use of LiC=CI I is in one step of the synthesis of vitamin A. 

GM and Federal Express announced a partnership where the HydroGen3 fuel cell vehicle will be used by Federal Express in the first commercial use of a fuel cell vehicle in Japan. FedEx will use the HydroGen3 vehicle during one year for regular delivery services in two downtown districts of Tokyo. GM also launched a Washington-based fleet of hydrogen-powered vehicles. 

The Uses of Hydrogen.— The commercial production of hydrogen has received a great stimulus during the last few years owing to its being required for industrial and war purposes in quantities never previously jnticipated. 

Such is the importance of ammonia in the existence of a modern country that it is desirable that some account of its use should be given, observing that it is not improbable that the Haber process may be put into operation in this country in the near future, consequently enormously increasing the demand for the commercial production of hydrogen. 

The advantages for the use of hydrogen fluoride for large scale commercial use were appreciated before any industrial processes were in operation (Simons, 22). Due to the fact that it is a liquid with a low... 

Fuel cell technology provides the basis for the use of hydrogen as an alternative transportation fuel. Major automotive manufacturers such as DaimlerChrysler, Ford, General Motors, Honda, and BMW are involved in producing fuel cell powered vehicles for commercial sale. 

The work of Kuchta (Ref 16) confirms that the relative concns of Hydrogen Peroxide /org subs are more important in defining the explosibility of a mixt than the type of org subst used. He points out that detonation can be initiated in certain H202 purge liquors that may form in commercial production of Hydrogen Peroxide... 

---