Binder properties

The literature contains relatively little data on the physical properties of binder solutions and therefore conclusions must be drawn largely from qualitative observations. For example, Davies and Gloor (1972) have linked the effectiveness of binders with their adhesiveness or tackiness and have found that more viscous binder solutions increase the size of granules and reduce the bulk density. Hydroxypropylcedulose (HPG), with which atomising difficulties were encountered because of its viscosity, was responsible for the largest increase in mean particle 

Sampling of RA should be representative and may be carried out from existing pavement to be recycled, from a lorry load (hauling trucks) of RA or from stockpiles. 

Sampling of RA from a lorry load or stockpiles is carried out as in aggregate sampling and in accordance to relevant national specifications, such as CEN EN 932-1 (1996), ASTM D 75 (2009), AASHTO T 2 (2010) or other specifications. However, sampling from stockpiles (feedstock) requires that the number of samples should be sufficient CEN EN 13108-8 (2005) recommends 1 for every 500 t of feedstock, rounded off upwards, with a minimum of 5. 

Binder properties consist of the determination of penetration, the softening point or the viscosity of the binder extracted from the RA. 

Binder is recovered by using the rotary evaporator method (CEN EN 12697-3 2013 or ASTM D 5404 2012), by fractionating column (CEN EN 12697-4 2005) or, similar to the fractionating column method, by the Abson method (AASHTO R 59 2011 ASTM D 1856 2009). Some details regarding the test methods are given in Section 9.6.2. 

The determination of penetration and softening of the recovered binder is carried out as in virgin bitumen (see Sections 4.2 and 4.3). 

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The improvements in the catalyst s binder properties will reduce the catalyst attrition rate thus, lowering the flue gas stack opacit This improvement allows refiners to use a harder catalyst without adversely affecting the catalyst s fluidization properties. 

N.S. Cohen et al, A1AA J 12 (2), 212-18 ( qia QQt 135471 (1974V The effects of inert polymer binder properties on composite solid proplnt burning rate are described. Surface pyrolysis data for many polymers over a wide range of conditions are used to derive kinetics constants from Arrhenius plots and heat of... 

Other self-reinforced polymers are being developed. For example, PURE is based on highly oriented co-extruded tapes of polypropylene and a consolidation binder. Properties vary according to the form (see Table 6.27) - sheets, tapes or fabrics. 

Full catalyst formulations consist of zeolite, metal and a binder, which provides a matrix to contain the metal and zeolite, as well as allowing the composite to be shaped and have strength for handling. The catalyst particle shape, size and porosity can impact the diffusion properties. These can be important in facile reactions such as xylene isomerization, where diffusion of reactants and products may become rate-limiting. The binder properties and chemistry are also key features, as the binder may supply sites for metal clusters and affect coke formation during the process. The binders often used for these catalysts include alumina, silica and mixtures of other refractory oxides. 

Comparison of Binder Properties After Thin-Film Oven Test (AASHTO T-179)... 

Lentz, H. L. Harrigan, E. T. "Laboratory Evaluation of Sulphlex-233 Binder Properties and Mix Design" Report FHWA/RD-80/146, November 1980. 

Behavior in binders interaction with the binder properties, dispersibility, special properties in certain binders, compatibility, and solidifying effect (see Section 1.5)... 

To obtain a consistent product, inclined discs must be operated uniformly not only mechanically but also with regard to solids and liquid binder properties and feed rates. 

The use of styrene to modify sulfur melts and thus to improve the binder properties was unsuccessful. When producing sulfur binder modified with styrene, reaction times of at least 1.5 hr at 140°C were used, since by then the viscosity maximum had been passed and a constant viscosity value had been reached. Sulfur melts plasticized by... 

Rheology of SA Binders. Conventional test methods such as softening point, viscosity, penetration, Fraas break point, ductilities, etc. have been used to characterize the rheology of SA binders (11). The physical structure of SA binders is complex, and the sulfur-asphalt and sulfur-aggregate interaction make correlations to asphalt and to binder properties for aggregate rather difficult. 

Attainment of fine sulfur dispersions such as described above are crucial to utilization of sulfur as an asphalt diluent. Provided that they remain stable, the binders will exhibit the sulfur-extended binder properties described previously. 

This low crock is a modified organic resin emulsion designed to give excellent binder properties and is used in an aqueous pigment printing system. 

Mattsson S, Nystrom C. Evaluation of critical binder properties affecting the compactibility of binary mixtures. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2001 27(3) 181-194. 

Rajniak P, Mancinelli C, Chem RT, Stepanek F, Hill BT. Experimental study of wet granulation in fluidized bed Impact of the binder properties on the granule morphology. Int J Pharm 2007 334(l-2) 92-I02. 

Pepin Blanchon S, Couairaze G. Power consumption profiles in high shear wet granulation. Part 1. Liquid distribution in relation to powder and binder properties. J Pharm Sci 2001 9(XMar) 322-3 . 

The Effect of the Nature of Quinoline Insolubles on Electrode Pitch Binder Properties, Report 33, British Carbonization Research Association, Wingerworth, Derbyshire, November 1976. 

Although most drug substances do not fulfil these criteria, they can be directly compressed with copovidone [68c, 213,458,459,464,615]. It could be considered as the best dry binder of all substances usually applied in drugs for this purpose. The main reasons of the excellent dry binder properties are the plasticity shown in Fig. 110, the lower glass transition temperature (see Section 4.4.3.1) and the irregular structure of its particles (see Figs. 94 and 95 in Section 4.2.4.2). 

TLC High-Purity Grade without Binder Properties BET specific surface area 325 m /g [988]. 

Stephens, W. D., R. E. Campbell, and G. E. Webb. 1978. Binder properties optimization. Technical report AFRPL-TR-77-93, Air Force Rocket Propulsion Laboratory, Edwards AFB, CA, February. 

For experimental verification of the proposed binder properties, various compositions of building materials were prepared (Table 7.2) ... 

These novolac resins have exhibited enough balance in the needed binder properties mentioned above that they are now exclusively used in all commercial... 

It is strongly advisable for formulations of inhibited plastics to make allowance for the effect the Cl exerts on the polymer binder properties during processing and service life of the final products. Some Cl may activate thermo-oxidative destruction and atmospheric aging of polymers, while others vice versa, are able to retard these adverse processes. 

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