Binary systems acids

Two additional illustrations are given in Figures 6 and 7 which show fugacity coefficients for two binary systems along the vapor-liquid saturation curve at a total pressure of 1 atm. These results are based on the chemical theory of vapor-phase imperfection and on experimental vapor-liquid equilibrium data for the binary systems. In the system formic acid (1) - acetic acid (2), <() (for y = 1) is lower than formic acid at 100.5°C has a stronger tendency to dimerize than does acetic acid at 118.2°C. Since strong dimerization occurs between all three possible pairs, (fij and not... 

An adequate prediction of multicomponent vapor-liquid equilibria requires an accurate description of the phase equilibria for the binary systems. We have reduced a large body of binary data including a variety of systems containing, for example, alcohols, ethers, ketones, organic acids, water, and hydrocarbons with the UNIQUAC equation. Experience has shown it to do as well as any of the other common models. V7hen all types of mixtures are considered, including partially miscible systems, the... 

IF BINARY SYSTEM CONTAINS NO ORGANIC ACIDS. THE SECOND VIRTAL coefficients ARE USED IN A VOLUME EXPLICIT EQUATION OF STATE TO CALCULATE THE FUGACITY COEFFICIENTS. FOR ORGANIC ACIDS FUGACITY COEFFICIENTS ARE PREDICTED FROM THE CHEMICAL THEORY FOR NQN-IOEALITY WITH EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANTS OBTAINED from METASTABLE. BOUND. ANO CHEMICAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE SECOND VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS. 

As mentioned in Section IX-2A, binary systems are more complicated since the composition of the nuclei differ from that of the bulk. In the case of sulfuric acid and water vapor mixtures only some 10 ° molecules of sulfuric acid are needed for water oplet nucleation that may occur at less than 100% relative humidity [38]. A rather different effect is that of passivation of water nuclei by long-chain alcohols [66] (which would inhibit condensation note Section IV-6). A recent theoretical treatment by Bar-Ziv and Safran [67] of the effect of surface active monolayers, such as alcohols, on surface nucleation of ice shows the link between the inhibition of subcooling (enhanced nucleation) and the strength of the interaction between the monolayer and water. 

As an acidic oxide, SiOj is resistant to attack by other acidic oxides, but has a tendency towards fluxing by basic oxides. An indication of the likelihood of reaction can be obtained by reference to the appropriate binary phase equilibrium diagram. The lowest temperature for liquid formation in silica-oxide binary systems is shown below ... 

Diagrams of Binary Systems With Picric Acid , GlasnikKhemDrushtva, BeogradBullSocChim, Belgrade 12, Iui-8 (1947) CA 43, 6066 (1949) 62) M.A. Cook, "Fugacity Determina-... 

Binary systems of ruthenium sulfide or selenide nanoparticles (RujcSy, RujcSey) are considered as the state-of-the-art ORR electrocatalysts in the class of non-Chevrel amorphous transition metal chalcogenides. Notably, in contrast to pyrite-type MS2 varieties (typically RUS2) utilized in industrial catalysis as effective cathodes for the molecular oxygen reduction in acid medium, these Ru-based cluster materials exhibit a fairly robust activity even in high methanol content environments of fuel cells. 

T. Oguchi, Freezing of drug/additive binary systems II. Relationship between decarboxylation behavior and molecular states of p-aminosalicylic acid, Chem. Pharm. Bull., 37, 3088-3091 (1989). 

Hovorka, F., Dreisbach, D. (1934) Vapor pressure of binary systems. I. Benzene and acetic acid. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 56, 1664—1666. 

In principle the investigation of ternary systems in the solid state thus presents the opportunity of measuring the I.R. spectra of proton addition complexes. In the case of strongly basic aromatic substances it is furthermore also possible to demonstrate the existence of a-complexes in the binary system aromatic substance-Lewis acid without the participation of protons (Perkampus et al., 1964c). 

The formation of a proton addition complex can take place either in a binary system (equation (6)) or in a ternary system (equation (6)). Correspondingly, one obtains the basicity constants and K respectively, according to (7) and (8), and these are related to one another through the equilibrium (9) and the relationship (10). It is in the nature of these strongly acid systems that conventional methods for analysing the equilibrium composition can only be used with difficulty. 

Perchloryl fluoride shows no tendency to form adducts with either strong Lewis acids or bases. This behavior has been rationalized in Section II, D. The binary systems of FCIO3 with BFa, PF5, AsFs, SbFj, or SO3 were studied by Lang 167), at Pennsalt 224), and by Nikitina and Rosolovskii 209). Similarly, at Pennsalt 224) no evidence was found for complexing of FCIO3 with either CsF or FNO2. 

E. Groschuff studied the binary system NB4NO3—HNO3 over a range of temp. —10° to 70° and he prepared the solubility or fusion curves shown in Fig. 87. The solubility of ammonium nitrate in nitric acid is expressed in mols. of the salt in 100 mols. of nitric acid ... 

As the author points out, the sulfuric acid-water system is one of the few examples of a liquid binary system in which certain properties change discontinuously. In this case dsjdp, where s is the specific gravity and p the per cent concentration of H2S04, has discontinuities at certain values of p. The most pronounced correspond to the compositions H2S04—H20 and H2S04—2H20. Mendeleev (102) believes that these characteristic points are connected with the formation in the solutions of definite chemical compounds. The more stable the compound the sharper the discontinuity in the property versus composition. 

EQUILIBRIUM DIAGRAMS OF BINARY SYSTEMS OF NITROMETHANE AND o-, m- AND />-NITROTOLUENE WITH SULPHURIC ACID... 

Abstract—The equilibrium diagrams of the binary systems of sulphuric add with nitromethane and with o-y m- and p-nitrotoluene have been investigated. It has been shown that addition compounds of the type 1 1 are formed in these systems, analogous to the compound sulphuric acid-nitrobenzene (Chebbuuez Helv, Chim, Acta 1923 6 281 and Masson J. Chem. Soc. 1931 3201)t The formation of these addition compounds is due to hydrogen bonding between the components, rather than to proton transfer. Their stability in the crystalline phase seems to be contradictory to the known basicities of mononitrocompounds (Gillespie and Solomons J. Chem. Soc, 1957 1796), because of the effect of temperature on the equilibria in the liquid phase. 

Abstract—The viscosities, electrical conductivities, densities and refractive indexes of the binary systems of sulphuric acid with nitromethane, nitrobenzene and o-, m- and p-nitrotoluene have been investigated at 25° and 40°C. It has been shown that the forma tion of addition compounds according to the equation ... 

The investigation of viscosities, electrical conductivities, refractive indexes and densities of binary liquid systems of sulphuric acid with nitromethane, nitrobenzene and 0-, m and p-nitrotoluene was made in order to obtain a clearer picture of the behaviour of these binary mixtures, regarding the stability of the addition compounds formed between the components. The application of these methods of physicochemical analysis to a number of binary systems with sulphuric acid [1, 2, 3] has enabled us to get some idea of the way in which the formation and stability of addition compounds affects the liquid phase properties of these systems. The binary systems of sulphuric acid with mononitrocompounds are particularly suitable for comparison with each other, because of the close similarity of the liquid media in these systems, due to comparable values of dielectric constants and liquid phase properties of the mononitrocompounds. The stability of the addition compounds in these systems in the crystalline phase [4] has... 

Fxg. L Viscosity of the binary systems of sulphuric acid with nitrocompounds... 

In order to discuss the meaning of these viscosity isotherms we are going to apply the ideas about the viscosity of binary systems developed by one of us elsewhere [3] and to make use of the known data about the ionizations of these nitrocompounds in sulphuric acid [-5, 6], The viscosity isotherm of the system with nitromethane, showing strong negative deviations from additivity, does not necessarily mean that nitromethane does not interact with sulphuric acid in the sense of hydrogen bond formation and basic ionization. Cryoscopic investigations have shown that nitromethane ionizes as a weak base in sulphuric... 

Since in an extractive distillation process based on this ternary system the extractive agent is nonvolatile and remains in the liquid phase, and since because of the similarity of the molar latent heats of nitric acid and water there is substantially constant molar liquid overflow, the mole fraction of magnesium nitrate remains almost constant throughout the process. It is appropriate to represent the equilibrium situation as a pseudo-binary system for each magnesium nitrate concentration, and Figure 7 shows vapor-liquid equilibria on a nitric acid-water basis at a series of magnesium nitrate concentrations from zero to 0.25 mole fraction in the liquid phase. 

Thermal data for the ternary system have not been widely reported, but may be evaluated as required for process calculations from available data for the nitric acid-water and magnesium nitrate-water binary systems. 

Eight binary systems are reported. Six include cholesterol as one component of the mixed film. The second components in these six films were myristic acid, methyl palmitate, ethyl palmitate, 1,2-dimyristin, 1,2-dimyristoyl-3-lecithin, and l,2-didecanoyl-3-lecithin. In addition, the systems trilaurin-dimyristoyl lecithin and triolein-dimyristoyl lecithin... 

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