Water ethyl alcohol

Add 40 ml. of ethyl alcohol to 21 -5 g. of 70 per cent, ethylenediamine solution (0 -25 mol) dissolve 36 -5 g. of adipic acid (0 -25 mol) in 50 ml. of a 6 1 mixture of ethyl alcohol and water. Mix the two solutions, stir and cool. Filter off the resulting salt and recrystalliae it from 60 ml. of a 6 1 ethyl alcohol - water mixture, and dry the salt in the air. Heat the salt in an atmosphere of oxygen-free nitrogen or of carbon dioxide in an oil bath until it melts (ca. 160°) the product will sohdify after a short time. Reduce the pressure to 15 mm. of mercury or less and raise the temperature of the oil bath until the product remelts (about 290°) and continue the heating for 4r-5 hours. Upon coohng, a nylon type polymer is obtained. 

Freezing point of ethyl alcohol-water mixtures ... 

Concentration Effects. The reactivity of ethyl alcohol—water mixtures has been correlated with three distinct alcohol concentration ranges (35,36). For example, the chromium trioxide oxidation of ethyl alcohol (37), the catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (38), and the sensitivities of coUoidal particles to coagulation (39) are characteristic for ethyl alcohol concentrations of 25—30%, 40—60%, and above 60% alcohol, respectively. The effect of various catalysts also differs for different alcohol concentrations (35). 

There are three general methods of interest for the preparation of vinyl chloride, one for laboratory synthesis and the other two for commercial production. Vinyl chloride (a gas boiling at -14°C) is most conveniently prepared in the laboratory by the addition of ethylene dichloride (1,2-dichloroethane) in drops on to a warm 10% solution of sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide in a 1 1 ethyl alcohol-water mixture Figure 12.1). At one time this method was of commercial interest. It does, however, suffer from the disadvantage that half the chlorine of the ethylene dichloride is consumed in the manufacture of common salt. 

Okubo et al. [87] used AIBN and poly(acrylic acid) (Mw = 2 X 10 ) as the initiator and the stabilizer, respectively, for the dispersion polymerization of styrene conducted within the ethyl alcohol/water medium. The ethyl alcohol-water volumetric ratio (ml ml) was changed between (100 0) and (60 40). The uniform particles were obtained in the range of 100 0 and 70 30 while the polydisperse particles were produced with 35 65 and especially 60 40 ethyl alcohol-water ratios. The average particle size decreased form 3.8 to 1.9 /xm by the increasing water content of the dispersion medium. 

Figure 7-52B. Flashpoints of ethyl alcohol-water mixtures as a function of liquid phase concentration at one atmosphere total pressure. By permission, Hercules, Inc.

One of the best known examples is the ethyl alcohol-water azeotrope. This... 

The mixture from the bottom of the separator and the scrubber is crude ethyl alcohol. That is, it contains the ethyl alcohol, water, and all the byproducts. Further distillation separates out an ethyl alcohol-water mixture (95% ethyl alcohol, 5% water) that boils at a single, constant temperature. 

The answer is like fighting fire with fire—another azeotrope is formed. When benzene is added to ethyl alcohol and water a ternary azeotrope, a mixture of three compounds that boil at a single temperature, is formed. The ternary azeotrope has the composition of 68% benzene, 24% ethyl alcohol, and 6% water, and it boils at a temperature lower than the binary ethyl alcohol/water azeotrope. So, when a little benzene is added to the ethyl alcohol/water mixture and then put through a distillation column, the ternary azeotrope, in a 68-24-6 composition will come off the top, talcing with it all the benzene, all the water, but just some of the ethyl alcohol. Out the bottom comes whats left, the rest of the ethyl alcohol in nearly pure form. Slick. None of this, by the way, is shown in Figure 13—2. 

Properties and handling. Ethyl alcohol is a colorless, flammable liquid (good for flam be ) having a characteristic odor nearly universally recognizable. It is soluble in water (and club soda) in all proportions. Its commercially available as 190 proof (the 95% ethyl alcohol-water azeotrope) and absolute (200 proof). It is frequently denatured to avoid the high tax associated with 190 and 200 proof grades. Methanol and/or sometimes formaldehyde are common denaturants used to prevent consumption as an alcoholic beverage. 

Because ethyl alcohol forms an azeotrope with water that is a constant boiling mixture, i.e. both the ethyl alcohol and the water, in a ratio of 95/5, boil together at a temperature different than either separately. Other examples in this chapter are the ternary azeotrope, ethyl alcohol - water -benzene and DIPE - isopropyl alcohol - water. An azeotrope mentioned earlier is MEK - water - toluene rafFmate used for toluene extraction. 

Remember the ethyl alcohol — water azeotrope You might be thinking If I cannot distill the water out and I want my alcohol anhydrous (dry), because the water will kill my yield, what should I do You need to dry. Sometimes you will have to dry reagents, sometimes solvents, and sometimes the products themselves. 

The solubilities of sodium carbonate in soln. of ethyl and propyl alcohols have been studied by C. E. Linebarger and by C. H. Ketner. The salt is just a little more soluble in propyl alcohol than it is in ethyl alcohol. With the ternary system—ethyl alcohol—water —sodium carbonate, C. H. Ketner found that two layers were formed with a critical temp, of 27-7° for a mixture with 14 per cent, of alcohol, 73 per cent, of water, and 13 per cent, of sodium carbonate, Na3C03. Expressing cone, in grams of salt per 100 grms. of soln., 0. H. Ketner found the results indicated in Table XLIX. 

Vapor-liquid equilibrium data at atmospheric pressure (690-700 mmHg) for the systems consisting of ethyl alcohol-water saturated with copper(II) chloride, strontium chloride, and nickel(II) chloride are presented. Also provided are the solubilities of each of these salts in the liquid binary mixture at the boiling point. Copper(II) chloride and nickel(II) chloride completely break the azeotrope, while strontium chloride moves the azeotrope up to richer compositions in ethyl alcohol. The equilibrium data are correlated by two separate methods, one based on modified mole fractions, and the other on deviations from Raoult s Law. 

Many papers concerning salt effect on vapor-liquid equilibrium have been published. The systems formed by alcohol-water mixtures saturated with various salts have been the most widely studied, with those based on the ethyl alcohol-water binary being of special interest (1-6,8,10,11). However, other alcohol mixtures have also been studied methanol (10,16,17,20,21,22), 1-propanol (10,12,23,24), 2-propanol (12,23,25,26), butanol (27), phenol (28), and ethylene glycol (29,30). Other binary solvents studied have included acetic acid-water (22), propionic acid-water (31), nitric acid-water (32), acetone-methanol (33), ethanol-benzene (27), pyridine-water (25), and dioxane-water (26). 

ETHYL VINYL ETHER Ethyl alcohol Water... 

Application of silanes as pretreatments. Where silanes were used as pretreatment primers, they were applied from a 2 wt% solution in an 80/20 wt% ethyl alcohol/water mixture, by brush, and allowed to air dry for 4h before coating or bonding. No hydrolysis catalyst was used and the solution was applied at the natural pH. 

Ethyl alcohol/Water 3 water 1 Ethyl alcohol 78 39 (S)... 

It is usually necessary to match the refractive indices of two fluids (and the transparent wall of flow passage in some cases particularly for microchannel flow). For example, in an experimental study on the selfpreserving structure of steady round buoyant turbulent plums in cross flow (Diez et al., 2005), planar-LIF (PLIF) and PIV techniques are utilized to measure the mean concentration of source fluid and mean velocity fields simultaneously. Both PLIF and PIV measurements in this study necessitate matching the indices of refraction of the source (water solution of potassium phosphate, monobasic KH2PO4, containing Rhodamine 6G dye) and ambient fluids (ethyl alcohol/water) to avoid scattering the laser beam away from the buoyant flow. Visual inspection... 

An alcoholic drink composition is given in this patent, which consists of ethyl alcohol, water, and fructose syrup prepared from Jerusalem artichoke. The proposed drink may have curative properties and can be used by humans suffering with diabetes mellitus. 

Figure 31. Excess thermodynamic functions of mixing for ethyl alcohol + water mixtures at 298-15 K.

Figure 41. Thermodynamic parameters for solutions of ethane in ethyl alcohol + water mixtures (a) AG (gas phase - solution) at 283 K, (b) A// eat 298 K (Yaacobi and Ben Naim, 1973).

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