BFRs

A, HNOa-MeNOa B, HNOa-AcOH C, HNO3-H2SO4-ACOH D. NOj+BFr-sulpholan E, HNO3-AC2O. 

Beverages, carbonated Beverage spirits, distilled Bexloy V Bezafibrate [41859-67-0] B. Fragilis BFR process Bglll BHA... 

A precursor to several closo 10-vertex cobaltacarboranes is arachno-YS Bfr O, [42319 6-0] which is obtained by the deprotonation of... 

Clearly, more parameters allow more freedom in representing common cause effects in svstem.s of complex redundancy. NUREG-1150 describes the Multiple Greek Letter Model (MGL), Parameter (BP) model and the Binomial Failure Rate (BFR) model. 

This, more physical model that visualizes failure to result from random "shocks," was specialized from the more general model of Marshall and Olkin (1967) by Vesely (1977) for sparse data for the ATWS problem. It treats these shocks as binomially distributed with parameters m and p (equation 2.4-9). The BFR model like the MGL and BPM models distinguish the number of multiple unit failures in a system with more than two units, from the Beta Factor model,... 

NUREG/CR-2303 describes the BFR model in some detail and provides a numerical example. 

BFR - Binomial Failure Rate (model of common cause system interactions). 

Dr R.F. Hertel, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany... 

Me3BF4, CH2CI2 JL PhNHNH2, NEta J1 HBF4, Et20, CH2Cl2,rt JJ BFr... 

Houben [256] has compared the determination of flame-retardant elements Br, P, S, K, Cl and F in polycarbonate using commercial (X40 and UniQuant ) software. For the X40 method, a calibration line for each element in PC or PC/ABS blends was mapped for the conversion of intensities to concentrations. With the universal UniQuant method, sensitivity factors (ks) were calibrated with pure standards. The X40 method turned out to be more reliable than UniQuant for the determination of FRs in PC and PC/ABS blends, even in the case of calibration of k values with PC standards. Standard errors of 5 % were achieved for Br, P, S and K, and 20% for Cl and F the latter element could not be determined by means of UniQuant (Table 8.44). GFR PC cannot be quantified with these two methods, because of the heterogeneous nature of the composites. Other difficult matrices for XRF analysis are PBT, PS and PP compounds containing both BFRs and Sb203 (10-30wt %) due to self-absorption of Sb and interelement effects. 

BfR - Bundesinstitut fur Risikobewertung (2009) Cadmium in Lebensmitteln, Berlin. ISBN 3-938163-50-X... 

BfR - Bundesinstitut fiir Risikobewertung (2010) Aufnahme von Umweltkontaminanten iiber Lebensmittel, ISBN 3-938163-70-4, Berlin... 

In addition, the concern about e-waste not only focuses on its vast quantity generated daily, but also more on the need to handle the toxic chemicals embedded in it. It is well known that e-waste contains lead, beryllium, mercury, cadmium (Cd), and brominated flame retardants (BFRs) among other chemical materials [3]. Furthermore, highly toxic chemicals such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzo-furans (PBDD/Fs) can be formed during the recycling process [4]. 

It is expected that soil PBDEs and PCDD/Fs may also have stemmed from other sources than e-waste recycling processes, as only 3% of the global production of flame retardants is used in electronic products [36]. Apparently, only a small portion of BFRs occurring in the environments is derived from e-waste. 

Based on the values of Cpcdd/fs [46], Ccipahs [38], and CBfrs in e-waste, the annual mass emissions of selected PCDD/F and C1PAH congeners and BFRs from e-waste are estimated (Table 3). The lowest annual mass emission of PBDEs is about 82,207 tons/year, with 70,607 tons/year from importation and 11,600 tons/ year from domestic generation (Table 3). Nona- and deca-BDEs are the most important congeners as they are the major constituents of BRFs in electronic equipment [77]. In addition, the annual mass emissions of PBBs, TBBPA, and PBPs are also estimated with the same procedure (Table 3). Obviously, importation is responsible for the majority of annual mass emissions of e-waste-derived organic pollutants in China (Table 3). 

Table 2 Average BFR concentrations in EEE, calculations based on Morf et al. [11], category numbers conform to WEEE categories presented in Table 1...

In order to follow the same line of the category approach, the content of Lead and BFRs is estimated. Due to the lack of data on the content of TBBPA in televisions and computers, this additive is removed from the single appliance approach. Therefore this section focuses on the content of Pb and PBDEs. 

In the case of PBDEs, their content is supposed to be placed mainly in plastics [9]. Therefore it is easier to estimate the PBDE content rather than the Pb one because plastics are the unique source of BFRs (PBDEs) in a television. The estimated concentration of PBDEs in the television plastic is 24.5 g/kgPlastic... 

BFRs Via plastics recycled and included in secondary plastic products 1 ... 

Choi K-I, Lee S-H, Osako M (2009) Leaching of BFRs from TV housing plastics in the presence of dissolved humic matter. Chemosphere Elsevier 74(2009) 7... 

The importance of assessing human and environmental impacts caused by emissions of metals and brominated flame retardants (BFRs) has been growing in... 

NN (2012) BfR-Empfehlung XXXVI. Papiere, Kartons und Pappen fiir den Lebensmit-telkontakt. Stand 01.01.2012. http //bfr.zadi.de... 

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