Betel, oil

Betel oil is distilled from the leaves, either fresh or dried, of Piper belle (ClhavKii betU Miq.). The vield is from 5 lo 1 per oeiil., but il the leaves are bleached by being kept io a warm shady place, the yield may reach 4 per cent. The oil varies considerably in characters ac-cordiDfr to the nature of the raw material, and the lollowing lesults have been oblaioeil by various Invealigatora. —... 

This sesquiterpene, or mixture of sesquiterpenes, is found to a considerable extent in nature, especially in clove oil, pimento oil, pepper oil, cinnamon oil, betel oil, copaiba oil, and numerous other essential oils. As isolated from these oils the sesquiterpene has the following characters —... 

The methyl ether of eugenol, CjjHj 02, is found in calamus oil, cassie oU, betel oil, bay oil, and various other essential oils. It can be prepared artificially by the action of methyl iodide on eugenol sodium. Its constitution is identical with that of eugenol, except that the phenolic group, OH, has been replaced by the methoxy group, O. CHg. 

This phenolic constituent of betel oil, CJ3HJ2O2, is an allyl-guaiacol, of the constitution—... 

Betel Leaf Oil Y up, another crazy betel plant with magical properties. Seems like this betel plant has quite a few varieties with very interesting oil constituents. Anethole, as it so happens, is included. In 1990, Rawat, et al did an analysis of the oils from five different Indian cultivars (a cultivar is a local name given to a plant even though it is the same species as any other or is the name of the grower or region) [15], Lawrence provided a nice compilation of the data in T able m which will also give you a little peek into some of the other components in betel oils [2, vol. V, p. 92]. 

Betel Leaf Oil Grown in India and Bangladesh as an ingredient for a popular spice package known as pan. See Table III in the Anethole section for a sampling of India s betel oil eugenol content. 

Allylphenol p-Allylphenol CCRIS 3208 Chavicol EINECS 207-929-2 p-Hydroxyallylbenzene essential oils such as volatile betel oil. Liquid mp = 15.8° bp = 238°, bpi6 = 123° insoluble in H2O, very soluble in EtOH, EtzO, CHCI3. 

The Olefinic Substrates The highly iso-regioselective hydroformylation of allyl- or propenylarenes (phenylpropanoids) gives aldehydes with numerous applications in flavors and perfumes. Several 2-aryl-prop-1-enes required as substrates can be extracted from natural sources in a rather pure form (Figure 6.8). For example, eugenol, with its typical spicy, clove like aroma, can be isolated from clove oil, nutmeg, cinnamon, basil, and bay leaf. Safrol (shikimol) is isolated from sassafras plants and has a typical sweet-shop aroma. Estragole (methyl chavicol) is produced from basil oil and chavicol from betel oil. 

The refractive index of betel oil exceeds 1 5100, usually about 1 5200. 

ANETHOLE Up to 90+% in anise seed oil, 70+% in fennel and star anise oils, and in varying amounts in betel leaf, dill seed, carrot seed and coriander oils. 

Chavicol, C<,H ( 0, is an unsaturated phenol, found in oils of betel nut and bay leaves. It is a colourless, highly odorous liquid, having the following characters —... 

Allyl-pyrocatechol, CgHj O, exists in betel leaf oil. It is a crystalline body melting at 48° to 49° and boiling at 139° at 4 mm. It yields a dibenzoyl derivative melting at 71° to 72°. Its constitution is as follows —... 

Nicotinic acid undoubtedly provides the basic skeleton for some other alkaloids. Ricinine (Figure 6.35) is a 2-pyridone structure and contains a nitrile grouping, probably formed by dehydration of a nicotinamide derivative. This alkaloid is a toxic constituent of castor oil seeds (Ricinus communis Euphorbiaceae), though the toxicity of the seeds results mainly from the polypeptide ricin (see page 434). Arecoline (Figure 6.36) is found in Betel nuts (Areca catechu Palmae/Arecaceae) and is a tetrahydronicotinic acid derivative. Betel nuts are chewed in India and Asia for the stimulant effect of arecoline. 

Active Constituents Arecoline (methyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-l-methylnicotinate), a votalite oil, is released from the nut by action of saliva and time. Betel leaf contains chavicol, allylpyrocathechol, chavibetol and cadinene. 

Ethyl dihydrocinnamate Illicium anisatum (Illiciaceae), Agastache spp., Ocimum basilicum (Lamiaceae), Magnolia kobus (Magnoliaceae), Myrcia acris (Myrtaceae), Firms sp. (Pinaceae), Piper betel (Piperaceae), Citrus spp., Dictamnus alba (Rutaceae) [oil] Vitis vinifera (Vitaceae) (wine) OD-R (flowery)... 

Many of the world s population (more than 200 million people worldwide) chew betel nut quid, a combination of areca nut, betel pepper leaf (from Piper betle), hme paste, and tobacco leaf. The major alkaloid of the areca nut, arecoline, can produce chohnergic adverse effects (such as bronchoconstriction) (1) as well as antagonism of anticholinergic agents (2). The lime in the betel quid causes hydrolysis of arecohne to arecaidine, a central nervous system stimulant, which accounts, together with the essential oil of the betel pepper, for the euphoric effects of chewing betel quid. 

Betel Leaf Oil (Piper betle L) There s a lot of different betel species in the tropics. The oil from the Philippines has 2.38% allylpyrocatechol [11]. 

TABLE III. Comparative Chemical Composition of Various Indian Betel Leaf Oils... 

Betel Leaf Oil You see those cultivars listed in Table III of the Anethole section Well, non-tabular data from that study showed that the safrole content in these oils ranged from 6.45-45.34%. 

Cominents Good looking little company. No sassafras but a lot of goodies. Calamus, parsley, cubeb, mace, carrot, basil and all those different cultivars of betel leaf oil. A small lineup of pure chems including methylchavicol and phenyl acetic acid. 

Betel. Dried leaves of Piper betle L.. Piperaceae. Habit. India, Ceylon. Malay Archipelago. Const . 0.2-1% volatile oil, chavibetol. chavicol, cadinene. allylpyrocatechol. Re/- Ueda. Sasaki, J. Pharm, Soc. Japan 71, 559 (1951), C.A. 45, 9137 (1951). 

Constituent of betel-leaf oil. Needles from petrol or CgHg-petrol. M.p. 48-9°. B.p. 139°/ 4 mm. Sol. H O. FeClg — green ool. Ox. — yeraixic acid. 

The bark exudes a clear, bright, amber-colored gum, known as the East India gum. The gum is a stimulant, demulcent, and tonic and is useful in catarrhal and other infections. The oil is used in some chronic skin diseases and ulcers. It is a common external application for rheumatism, leprosy, and sprain. The warm oil relieves ear trouble the oil also cures dental and gum troubles. A few drops of oil taken in betel leaf provide relief in asthma. The oil is reported to have antifertility properties. It possesses antiseptic and antifungal activity and is found to be active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms. Leaves are used for skin disorders. Nimbin has been found to be antipyretic and nonirritant. 

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