Betel

ANETHOLE Up to 90+% in anise seed oil, 70+% in fennel and star anise oils, and in varying amounts in betel leaf, dill seed, carrot seed and coriander oils. 

Nuts have many uses, both industrial and domestic. For instance, the ivory nut, or tagua, is a source material for the manufacture of buttons and turnery articles. The kola nut supplies ingredients for popular cola beverages in the United States (see Carbonated beverages). StTychnos nux-vomica provides the important medicine and poison, strychnine. The areca or betel nut is chewed by the Indian and Malayan people as a narcotic a slice of the nut is placed in a leaf of the pepper plant Piper betle) together with a pinch of lime the mixture is an acrid, astringent narcotic that dyes the mouth red, blackens and destroys the teeth. The areca nut contains, among other alkaloids, arecoline, an active anthelminthic widely used in veterinary practice for the treatment of tapeworm infections. 

The areca or betel nut palm (Areca catechu) is indigenous to the Sunda Islands, but is widely cultivated in Far Eastern tropical countries, where... 

Betel oil is distilled from the leaves, either fresh or dried, of Piper belle (ClhavKii betU Miq.). The vield is from 5 lo 1 per oeiil., but il the leaves are bleached by being kept io a warm shady place, the yield may reach 4 per cent. The oil varies considerably in characters ac-cordiDfr to the nature of the raw material, and the lollowing lesults have been oblaioeil by various Invealigatora. —... 

This sesquiterpene, or mixture of sesquiterpenes, is found to a considerable extent in nature, especially in clove oil, pimento oil, pepper oil, cinnamon oil, betel oil, copaiba oil, and numerous other essential oils. As isolated from these oils the sesquiterpene has the following characters —... 

Chavicol, C<,H ( 0, is an unsaturated phenol, found in oils of betel nut and bay leaves. It is a colourless, highly odorous liquid, having the following characters —... 

Allyl-pyrocatechol, CgHj O, exists in betel leaf oil. It is a crystalline body melting at 48° to 49° and boiling at 139° at 4 mm. It yields a dibenzoyl derivative melting at 71° to 72°. Its constitution is as follows —... 

The methyl ether of eugenol, CjjHj 02, is found in calamus oil, cassie oU, betel oil, bay oil, and various other essential oils. It can be prepared artificially by the action of methyl iodide on eugenol sodium. Its constitution is identical with that of eugenol, except that the phenolic group, OH, has been replaced by the methoxy group, O. CHg. 

This phenolic constituent of betel oil, CJ3HJ2O2, is an allyl-guaiacol, of the constitution—... 

Betel-nuss, /. betel nut. -pfeffer, m. betel pepper, betel. 

Cleary, K. and McFeeters R.F., Effects of oxygen and turmeric on the formation of oxidative aldehydes in fresh-pack dill pickles, J. Agric. Food Chem., 54, 3421, 2006. Lean, L.P. and Mohamed S., Antioxidative and antimycotic effects of turmeric, lemon-grass, betel leaves, clove, black pepper leaves and Garcinia atriviridis on butter cakes, J. Sci. Food Agric., 79, 1817, 1999. 

Betel-Quid and Areca Nut Chewing (IARC Monograph) International Agency for Research on Cancer Lyon, France, 1985 Vol. 37, pp 141-291. 

About 120 species of plants classified within the family Rubiaceae are used in traditional medicine of Asia and the Pacific, of which, Mitragyna speciosa has been used throughout Southeast Asia, especially in Thailand and Borneo, as an intoxicant. The leaves are chewed alone or mixed with betel, or else prepared for smoking like opium, and its use is legally prescribed in Thailand. 

Johnston, G. A. R., Krogsgaard-Larsen, P., and Stephanson, A. L. (1975) Betel nut constituents as inhibitors of gamma-aminobutyric acid uptake. Nature. 258,627-628. 

The nut of a palm tree is chewed by millions is Asia and elsewhere with the leaves of Piper betel to produce mild stimulatory effects. Arecolin and arecaidinen are among the active constituents, but they... 

The areca nut is sometimes erroneously referred to as the betel nut (Trivedy et al. 1999). Betel refers to a combined preparation of the areca nut (Areca catechu) and lime (calcium hydroxide), rolled into the leaf of the betel pepper (Piper betle) (Morton 1998). 

Chiang WT, Yang CC, Deng JF, Bullard M. (1998). Cardiac arrhythmia and betel nut chewing—is there a causal effect Vet Hum Toxicol. 40(5) 287-89. 

Chu NS. (1994a). Effect of betel chewing on performance reaction time. J Formos Med Assoc. 93(4) 343-45. 

Chu NS. (1995). Betel chewing increases the skin temperature effects of atropine and propranolol. Neurosci Lett. 194(1-2) 130-32. 

Deahl M. (1989). Betel nut-induced extrapyramidal syndrome an unusual drug interaction. Mov Disord. 4(4) 330-32. 

Hung DZ, Deng JF. (1998). Acute myocardial infarction temporally related to betel nut chewing. Veterinary Hum Toxicol. 40(1) 25-28. 

Morton JF. (1992). Widespread tannin intake via stimulants and masticatories, especially guarana, kola nut, betel vine, and accessories. Basic Life Sci. 59 739-65. 

Nordberg A, Lundqvist H, Hartvig P, Andersson J, Johansson M, Hellstrom-Lindahi E, Norton SA. (1998). Betel consumption and consequences. J Am Acad Dermatol. 38(1) 81-88. 

Reichart PA, Phillipsen HP. (1998). Betel chewer s mucosa—a review. J Oral Pathol Med. 27(6) 239-42. 

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