Beta-hydroxybutyric acid

Like other sulfhydryl-containing compounds, captopril can cause false-positive ketonuria when assessed with the Legal reaction (sodium nitroprusside reacting with acetoacetic acid and possibly with acetone). It has therefore been suggested that in patients with diabetes taking such drugs ketonuria should be assessed with the Acetest (20). Alternatively, a blood ketone test with Acetest and/ or enzymatic detection of beta-hydroxybutyric acid can be performed for confirmation. 

Kramp, B. et al. [Poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid (PHB) films and plates in defect covering of the osseus skuU in a rabbit model]. Laryngorhinootologie. 2002, 81(5), 351-356, [Article in German]. 

Kubota M, Nakano M, Juni K (1988) Mechanism of enhancement of the release rate of aclaruhicin from poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid microspheres by fatty acid esters. Chem Pharm Bull... 

He J, Chen S, Yu Z (2002) Determination of poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid in Bacillus thuringiensis by capUlary zone electrophoresis with indirect ultraviolet absorbance detection. J Chromatogr A 973 197-202... 

Jensen, T.E. and Sicko, L.M. (1971) Fine structure of poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid granules in a blue-greenalga, Chlorogloea fritschii. J. Bacteriol, 106, 683 -686. 

Lundgren, D.G., Pfister, R.M, and Merrick, J.M. (1964) Structure of poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid granules. /. 

Poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid (PBHBA) UHMWPE... 

Schlegel, H. G., Lafferty, R., and Krauss, I. (1970). The isolation of mutants not accumulating poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid. Archives of Microbiology 71, 283-294. 

Acetoacetic acid, acetone, and beta-hydroxybutyric acid. 

Ketosis—Pyruvate, a product of carbohydrate catabolism, is needed to produce oxaloacetic acid. Oxaloacetic acid must then condense with acetyl CoA in order to produce citric acid. If there is insufficient oxaloacetic acid in the cell to keep the Krebs cycle functioning efficiently, the acetyl CoA is converted to acetoacetic acid, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, and acetone. These ketone bodies accumulate in the blood and if the condition goes unchecked, acidosis will occur, often resulting in coma and death. Ketosis can be a complication of diabetes mellitus and starvation. 

During the course of this study it was decided to investigate the excretion of urinary organic acids by the technique of GC-Mass Spectrometry. Large quantities of lactic acid and beta-hydroxybutyric acid were found in the urine and also some alpha-hydroxybutyric acid. 

Comeau et al. [46] have described a simple assay for separating and quantifying poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate and poly-beta-hydroxyvalerate in activated sludge samples involved sludge lyophilization, purification of the chloroform extract by re-extraction with water, and capillary gas liquid chromatography. The detection limit, estimated by using hydroxybutyric acid standards, was approximately lOug per litre. 

Serum levels of ketones, as measured by beta-hydroxybutyrate, and free fatty acids tended to be greater following DAG oil consumption with serum ketone levels being significantly greater on day 2 (at first draw) after DAG oil consumption p < 0.05 vs. TAG oil using post-hoc analysis). Serum ketone levels after DAG oil consumption remained substantially below the level of serum ketones observed in ketogenic diets. 

Butyric acid is rapidly metabolized in the liver to acetic acid and ketone bodies (acetone, acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate). In humans, the butyric acid elimination curve can be divided into two parts corresponding to two half-lives for the first (0.5 min), the slope suggests an accelerated excretion for the second (13.7min), a slow plateau is observed. 

Increased urinary excretion of ketones is an indication of perturbations of carbohydrate or impaired fatty acid oxidation. Acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate are the major compounds appearing in ketosis. 

The liver is the main origin of ketones in laboratory animals, where the long chain fatty acids are released from plasma albumin and bound to fatty acid-binding proteins in the hepatocytes. The long chain fatty acids react with CoA and then can be used to synthesize triacylglycerol or undergo beta-oxidation to acetyl CoA. When the levels of plasma fatty acids are elevated, acetyl CoA can be metabolized to form acetoacetate and 3-hydroxybutyrate or enter the tricarboxylic acid cycle. In ketosis, the levels of acetone, acetoacetate, and 3-hydroxybutyrate (also known as beta-hydroxybutyrate) are increased in both plasma and urine these three compounds historically were collectively called ketone bodies. Urine test strips can be used to test for ketonuria, and there are several enzymatic assays for 3-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate. 

Torres A, Li S, Roussos S, Vert M (1996) Screening of microorganisms for biodegradation of poly(lactic acid) and lactic acid-containing polymers. Appl Environ Microbiol 62 2393-2397 Urakami T, Imagawa S, Harada M, Iwamoto A, Tokiwa Y (2000) Development of biodegradable plastic-poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate/polycaprolactone blend polymer. Kobunshi Ronbunshu 57 263-270... 

Senior PJ, Dawes EA (1973) The regulation of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate metabolism in Azotobacter beijerincldi. Biochem J 134 225—238 Sierra G, Gibbons NE (1962) Production of poly-P-hydroxybutiric acid granules in Micrococcus halodenitrificans. Can J Microbiol 8 249—253... 

Stigers DJ, Tew GN (2003) Poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate)s functionalized with carboxylic acid groups in the side chain. Biomacromolecules 4 193-195 Stockdale H, Ribbons DW, Dawes EA (1968) Occurrence of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate in the Azotobacteriaceae. J Bacteriol 95 1798-1803... 

Saruul P, Srienc F, Somers DA, Samac DA (2002) Production of a biodegradable plastic polymer, poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate, in transgenic alfalfa. Crop Sci 42 919-927 Schubert P, Steinbuchel A, Schlegel HG (1988) Cloning of the Alcaligenes eutrophus genes for the synthesis of poly-P-hydroxybutyric acid (PHB) and synthesis of PHB in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 170 5837-5847... 

Qolizadeh MR, Ebrahim K, Rahbar B, Karami E, Rostamkhany H, Musavi SH (2011) The effect of choline supplementation on the level of plasma free fatty acids and beta-hydroxybutyrate during a session of prolonged exercise. Annals Bio Res 2(6) 253-260... 

U. Gohs, B. Taendler, R. Vogel, D. Voigt, Nucleated poly-3-hydroxybutyric acid fiber for use in non-wovens, e.g. for medical implants, made from a mixture of high- and low-molecular wt. poly-acid and crystallised in the alpha and beta modification, DE102007000694-A105-Mar-2009 (2009)... 

Kim DM, Kim HS (1992) Continuous production of gluconic acid and sorbitol from Jerusalem artichoke and glucose using an oxido reductase from Zymomonas mobilis and inulinase. Biotechnol Bioeng 39 336-342 Kim BS, Lee SY, Chang HN (1992) Production of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate by fed-batch culture of recombinant Escherichia coli. Biotechnol Lett 14 811-816... 

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Loncke, C., 1. Ortigues-Marty, J. Vemet, H. Lapierre, D. Sauvant and P. Noziere, 2009. Empirical prediction of net portal appearance of volatile fatty acids, glucose, and their secondary metabolites (beta-hydroxybutyrate, lactate) from dietary characteristics in ruminants A meta-analysis approach. J. Anim. Sci. 87, 253-268. 

Goldfinger, S., Klinenberg, J.R. and Seegmiller, J.E. (1965), Renal retention of uric acid induced by infusion of beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate. N. Engl. J. Med., 272,351. 

Interconversion between ACAC and is dependent upon the NADiNADH ratio. Hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HBDH) is localised mainly in the mitochondria. During fasting, fatty acids are transported to the liver to undergo beta oxidation. 

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