Urine Test Strips

Urine test strips Commercially available urine test strips can reliably detect urobilinogenuria and bilirubinuria. 

Bonnardeaux A, Somerville P, Kaye M. A study on the reliability of dipstick urinalysis. Clin Nephrol 1994 41 167-172. Voswinckel P. A marvel of colors and ingredients. The story of urine test strips. Kidney Int 1994 46 (SuppI 47) S3-S7. 

Possible uses of urine test strips on other body fluids... 

Urine Test Strips/Dipsticks eor Bilirubin and Urobilinogen... 

The liver is the main origin of ketones in laboratory animals, where the long chain fatty acids are released from plasma albumin and bound to fatty acid-binding proteins in the hepatocytes. The long chain fatty acids react with CoA and then can be used to synthesize triacylglycerol or undergo beta-oxidation to acetyl CoA. When the levels of plasma fatty acids are elevated, acetyl CoA can be metabolized to form acetoacetate and 3-hydroxybutyrate or enter the tricarboxylic acid cycle. In ketosis, the levels of acetone, acetoacetate, and 3-hydroxybutyrate (also known as beta-hydroxybutyrate) are increased in both plasma and urine these three compounds historically were collectively called ketone bodies. Urine test strips can be used to test for ketonuria, and there are several enzymatic assays for 3-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate. 

Roche Diagnostics (2011) Compendium of urinalysis— urine test strips and microscopy. http //www.roche-diagnostics.ch/content/dam/corporate/roche-dia ch/documents/broschueren/ professional diagnostics/urindiagnostik/12254620001 EN EA Compendium-of-urinanalysis Brosch%C3%BCre EN.pdf... 

Diabetic acidosis can develop in a matter of hours. Therefore, under certain circumstances, doctors may ask a diabetic patient to test for ketones at home using special test strips that can detect ketones in urine. For example, doctors recommend that diabetic patients test their urine every 4 to 6 hours if their blood sugar levels are very high. Patients should also test for ketones if they are sick with a cold or the flu, or if they experience any of the symptoms of acidosis. These symptoms include a very dry mouth, frequent urination, shortness of breath, and fruity smelling breath. Diabetic acidosis can be life-threatening, leading to a diabetic coma or death. It needs immediate medical care. Diabetic acidosis is also called ketoacidosis. 

Diabetic Rats-Phase I. Laboratory rats (CD strain, 250-300g, male) were made diabetic by a single injection of streptozotocin (STZ), 50 mg/kg, into the tail vein. Nondiabetic controls received an equal volume of citrate buffer. Twenty-four hours after the STZ injection, each rat was individually housed for urine collection. The appearance of glucose in the urine (Ames test strips) and a predictable weight loss or depression of the growth curve were taken as confirming evidence of diabetes. 

A test strip enzyme immunoassay that could not discriminate between the 17 - and 17 -stereoisomers but allowed on-site screening of urine samples within 45-60 min was also reported (118). In this assay, 17, 19-nortestosterone was coupled to bovine serum albumin through a hemisuccinate bridge at the 17-position (119). This conjugate was used to raise polyclonal antibodies that would... 

Pressler B, Vaden S, Jensen W, Simpson D (2002) Detection of canine microalbuminuria using semiquantitative test strips desgined for use with human urine. Vet Clin Pathol 31 56-60... 

The urinary tract is normally sterile and dipsticks or reagent test strips are used to detect bacteriuria (presence of bacteria in the urine) by testing for nitrites (all common UTI bacteria convert nitrate to nitrite) or leucocyte esterase (enzyme indicating the presence of white blood cells). 

A useful qualitative screening test for salicylic acid is performed by adding a few drops of glacial acetic acid or 0.1N hydrochloric acid to 1 ml of urine, followed by 3 drops of 10% ferric chloride solution. A burgundy red color appears and persists if salicylic acid is present (color may turn reddish brown in the presence of phenothiazines). A serum salicylate level can be obtained in most laboratories. Commerically available test strips may be used with urine as well as serum or plasma to determine the presence of salicylic acid. These tests react only with salicylic acid and therefore do not work on stomach contents or pills, but any salicylate is hydrolyzed in the body to salicylic acid and would be present as such in blood or urine (15). 

A wide range of devices fall into this category, including single-pad urine tests (dipsticks) that are read visually more complex strips that use light reflectance for measurement and fabricated cassettes or cartridges that incorporate tech-... 

BTA stat. test strip. A niulticenter trial compared the BTA stat. test with voided urine cytology studies in 499 patients undergoing surveillance cystoscopy for recurrent bladder cancer. The BTA stat. test identified 40% of patients with positive cystoscopy results, and cytology detected 17%. A positive test may provide a higher degree of suspicion for recurrence. A quantitative test in ELISA format, BTA TRAK, is also availabie. 

Jung K, Pergande M, Priem F, Becker S, IClotzek S. Rapid screening of low molecular mass proteinuria Evaluation of the first immunochemical test strip for the detection of tti-microglobulin in urine. Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1993 31 683-7. 

A number of semiquantitative assays for screening for increased UAE are available. These test strips, most of which are optimized to read positive at a predetermined albumin concentration, have been recommended for screening programs. In view of the wide variability in UAE, it must be borne in mind that a "normal value does not rule out renal disease. Because these assays measure albumin concentration, dilute urine may yield a false-negative test result. Refrigerated urine samples should be allowed to reach at least 10 °C before analysis. Albu Screen and Albu Sure (Cambridge Life Sci-... 

Froom P, Bieganiec B, Ehrenrich Z, Barak M. Stability of common analytes in urine refrigerated for 24 h before automated analysis by test strips. Clin Chem 2000 46 1384-6. 

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