Behavioral effects appetite

Opioids have noted effects on ingestive behavior and appetite (Bodnar 1996). Morphine increases food intake, and jl/ antagonists conversely... 

Increased appetite is frequently attributed to smoking marijuana. Cannabinoids are effective antiemetics, particularly in treating emesis arising during chemotherapy. A -THC has been reported to be as effective as codeine as an analgesic, although pronounced behavioral effects occur with analgesic doses. 

Hitchcott PK, Phillips GD (1998) Double dissociation of the behavioral effects of R(-)7-OH-DPAT infusions in the central and basolateral amygdala nuclei upon Pavlovian and instrumental conditioned appetitive behaviors. Psychopharmacology 740 458-469. 

A number of plant species from the genus Ephedra have been used for many years for their stimulant effects. Ephedra sinica is native to Asia and is frequently sold under its Chinese name, ma huanpf. Another species, E. nevadensis, grows in the American West and is known as Mormon tea. The main psychoactive compound in ephedra is ephedrine. Ephedrine is a potent stimulant with effects much like those reviewed in Chapter 6. It is sympathomimetic and produces behavioral effects similar to those of other stimulants (Karch, 2000). Until 2004, ephedrine products were marketed through stores or by mail order to increase energy, prevent drowsiness, suppress appetite, and in high-dose formulations, as an herbal alternative to ecstasy (see Chapter 12). These products contained a wide variety of plant products and... 

Behavioral effects Aggressive behavior, particularly when high doses are taken. Depression, mood swings, fatigue, restlessness, and loss of appetite when steroid abuse is stopped. 

Long-term behavioral effects, including nightmares, intrusive thoughts, uncontrolled affect, difficulties with relationships, difficulties with jobs and/or school, decreased libido and changes in appetite... 

Hartmann AM, Burleson LE, Holmes AK, Geist CR. Effects of chronic kombucha ingestion on open-field behaviors, longevity, appetitive behaviors, and organs in c57-bl/6 mice a pilot study. Nutrition 2000 16 755-761. 

The cytokine leptin is secreted by adipocytes (fat cells) in proportion to the size of the adipose dq>ot and circulates via the bloodstream to the brain, where it ultimately affects feeding behavior, endocrine systems including reproductive function and, at least in rodents, energy expenditure. The major effect of Lqrtin is on the hy-pothalamous, where it suppresses appetite and hence food intake. Leptin exerts its effects via binding to the leptin receptor in the brain (specifically in the hypothalamus), which activates the JAK-STAT Pathway. 

Behavioral and emotional Nicotine has a number of behavioral and emotional effects. It increases locomotor activity, which is mediated by increased dopamine in the nucleus accumbens (Mirza 1996). Nicotine suppresses appetite and decreases weight gain in rats (Grunberg et al. 1986). Conversely, cessation of smoking causes increases in body weight. Nicotine increases sexual receptivity in female rats, but whether this occurs in humans has not been studied—or at least not formally (Fuxe et al. 1977). 

Ferreira, A., Dahlof, L. G., and Hansen, S. (1987). Olfactory mechanisms in the control of maternal aggression, appetite, and fearfulness effects of lesions to olfactory receptors, mediodorsal thalamic nucleus, and insular prefrontal cortex. Behavioral Neuroscience 101, 709-717. 

Symptoms of iead toxicity include gastrointestinal effects, such as vomiting, constipation, abdominal pain, and appetite loss, as well as neurologic effects, which manifest in children as decreased attention span, behavioral problems, and apparent learning disorders. 

More recently, a growing understanding of neurotransmitter modulation of appetitive behaviors has pointed to some disturbance of neurotransmitter function as the cause of AN and/or BN (Morley and Blundell, 1988 Fava et ah, 1989). It is possible that disturbances of brain neuropeptides and/or monoamines could contribute to other symptoms and behaviors, such as neuroendocrine or autonomic abnormalities, or alterations of mood and behavior in people with AN or BN. It is important to emphasize that monoamine or neuropeptide disturbances could be a consequence of dietary abnormalities, or premorbid traits that contribute to a vulnerability to develop AN or BN. One way to tease apart cause and effect is to study people with AN or BN at various stages in their illness—that is, while symptomatic and after recovery. 

A final limitation of stimulant treatment alone has to do with its applicability to home behavior problems. Many pharmacotherapists limit the use of stimulants to school hours during the 9 months of the academic year, to avoid growth and appetite suppression, sleep disruption, and other undesirable side effects. This leaves parents to their own devices to manage impulsive, oppositional, and disruptive behavior in the afternoons and evenings, weekends, and summers. When no other treatment is provided, parents frequently resort to coercive, hostile, and overly punitive interactions with their children, which may exacerbate rather than improve the child s behavioral problems. This is a par-... 

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