Steroids abuse

The anabolic steroids can cause serious adverse reactions including tumorigenesis, testicular atrophy with decreased spermatogenesis and in women virilization. Anabolic steroid abuse in sports where excessive doses are used, is associated with among others hepatotoxicity. 

Brower KJ (2002). Anabohc steroid abuse and dependence. Current Psychiatry Reports, 4, 377-87... 

AmericanAcademy of Pediatrics Steroids http //www,aap.org/family/steroids.htm Anabolic Steroid Abuse http //www.steroidabtise.org/... 

There is a persistent illegal market in androgenic anabolic steroids, to promote physical strength. A difficulty in determining the ultimate consequences of anabolic steroid abuse for body-building or to advance sporting achievement is that individuals who are susceptible to such abuse may well have taken several different types of substance at the same time or in succession. Indeed, an... 

Urhausen A, Albers T, Kindermann W. Are the cardiac effects of anabolic steroid abuse in strength athletes reversible Heart 2004 90 496-501. 

Anabolic steroid abuse and cardiac sudden death... 

Di Luigi L, Romanelli F, Lenzi A. Androgenic-anabolic steroids abuse in males. J Endocrinol Invest. 2005 28(suppl) 81-84. 

Fineschi V, Riezzo I, Centini F, et al. Sudden cardiac death during anabolic steroid abuse morphologic and toxicologic findings in two fatal cases of bodybuilders. Int J Legal Med. 2005 121 48-53. 

Hall RC, Hall RC, Chapman MJ. Psychiatric complications of anabolic steroid abuse. Psychosomatics. 2005 46 285-290. 

Socas L, Zumbado M, Perez-Luzardo O, et al. Hepatocellular adenomas associated with anabolic androgenic steroid abuse in bodybuilders a report of two cases and a review of the literature. BrJ Sports Med. 2005 39 e27. 

Steroid abusers often stack, cycle, and pyramid. Stacking is the term used when different AASs are... 

U. S. National Institutes of Health. National Institute on Drug Abuse. Anabolic Steroid Abuse Research Report. Washington, DC U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, April 2000. 

Oral and injectable formulations of different steroids are often "stacked," ie, used simultaneously. Because detection of these different steroids is difficult and expensive, the history from the patient rather than urine toxicology is more generally useful for detecting anabolic steroid abuse. Anabolic steroids were added to Schedule III of the Controlled Substances Act in 1990. 

Anabolic steroids are typically abused in a cyclic fashion, with a cycle of 4-18 weeks on steroids and 1 month to 1 year off. Abuse of other psychoactive drugs may occur in up to a third of these patients, but this is low compared with other substance abusers because of concerns about health and appearance by steroid abusers. The primary effects sought by abusers are increased muscle mass and strength, not euphoria. In the context of an adequate diet and sufficient physical activity, a significant increase in muscle mass and strength can be produced by these steroids. 

Controlled trials of psychosocial treatments for anabolic steroid dependence have not been reported, and these individuals rarely present to substance abuse treatment programs. Patients may come to the attention of mental health professionals as a result of excessive aggression, sexual dysfunction, or mood disturbances. Peer counseling by former bodybuilders and group support may be of particular value for these users. Nutritional counseling and consultation with a fitness expert may also be helpful. Since gymnasiums are a frequent site for acquisition of steroids, abusers need to avoid these places until recovery is firmly established. 

Ferendiick G, Sdiwartz D, Ball M, Schwartz K. Androgenic-andxilic steroid abuse and platdd aggregation a pilot study in weight lifters. Am J Med Sd 1992 303 78-82... 

On a sunny day in September 1988 in Seoul, Korea, the world of sports was changed forever. Ben Johnson ran the 100-meter dash in 9.79 seconds to win the Olympic gold medal and break the world record. Johnson had become the world s fastest human—of all time. Then just two days later, after traces of the anabolic steroid stanozolol were found in Johnson s urine sample, he was stripped of his record and his medal and left the games in disgrace. The reverberations in the sports world are still being felt perhaps more significantly, Johnson s scandal opened the eyes of the public to the problem of steroid abuse. 

Steroids can cause major problems, and most drug-education programs do not even discuss them. Clearly there is a need to make the public aware of the potential dangers of steroid abuse. 

During the 1930s, experiments in laboratory animals revealed that anabolic steroids facilitate the growth of skeletal muscles. This discovery resulted in anabolic steroids being used by athletes, particularly bodybuilders and weightlifters. Steroid abuse has become so widespread in athletics that it is almost assumed that leading contestants use either classic... 

While conditions such as muscle dysmorphia, a history of physical or sexual abuse, or engaging in high-risk behaviors may increase steroid abuse, researchers concur that most steroid abusers are psychologically normal when they start abusing the drugs. 

Anabolic steroid abuse has been associated with a wide range of adverse side effects. Health consequences associated with anabolic steroid abuse... 

Infections In steroid abusers who use parentral routes for drug administrations, HIV/AIDS, hepatitis B and C, and infective endocarditis, a potentially fatal inflammation of the inner lining of the heart. 

Behavioral effects Aggressive behavior, particularly when high doses are taken. Depression, mood swings, fatigue, restlessness, and loss of appetite when steroid abuse is stopped. 

Some medications that have been used for treating steroid withdrawal restore the hormonal system after its disruption by steroid abuse. Other medications target specific withdrawal symptoms for example, antidepressants to treat depression, and analgesics for head-aches and muscle and joint pains. 

Porcerelli JH and Sandler BA (1998) Anabolic-androgenic steroid abuse and psychopathology. Psychiatric Clinics of North America 21 829-833. 

Hallagan, J.B. etal. (1989) Anabolic androgen steroid abuse in athletes. N. EnglJ. Med. 321.1042 1046. 

Lukas, S.E. (1993) Current perspectives on anabolic-androgenic steroid abuse. Trends Pharmacol. Sci.. 14.61 -68. 

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