Batteries problems

Kolosnitsyn VS, Karaseva EV (2008) Lithium-Sulfur batteries Problems and solutions. Russ J Electrochem 44 506-509... 

The Wall Street Journal. January 11, 2008. Race to make electric cars stalled by battery problems. Online.WSJ.com... 

Flooded batteries operated in RAPS systems require water maintenance on a regular basis. Unfortunately, it is not uncommon for owner/operators to neglect this tedious task. This situation can affect the performance of the system and can ultimately result in premature failure of the batteries. Problems can also arise if the water used for topping up contains excessive amounts of impurities. For example, the presence of chloride ion leads to enhanced corrosion of the positive grids [11]. Also, some RAPS systems are located in areas where access is very difficult, e.g., microwave repeater stations on the tops of mountains. Hence, the cost of maintaining flooded batteries can be very high. 

Arrhythmias. The first solution to cardiovascular problems arising from arrhythmias came about as a result of a complication caused by open-heart surgery. During procedures to correct congenital defects in children s hearts, the electrical conduction system often became impaired, and until it healed, the heart could not contract sufficiently without outside electrical stimulation. A system that plugged into a wall outlet was considered adequate until an electrical storm knocked out power, lea ding to the development of the first battery-powered external pacemaker. 

The total heat released is the sum of the entropy contribution plus the irreversible contribution. This heat is released inside the battery at the reaction site. Heat release is not a problem for low rate appHcations however, high rate batteries must make provisions for heat dissipation. Failure to accommodate heat can lead to thermal mnaway and other catastrophic situations. 

Silver—Iron Cells. The silver—iron battery system combines the advantages of the high rate capabiUty of the silver electrode and the cycling characteristics of the iron electrode. Commercial development has been undertaken (70) to solve problems associated with deep cycling of high power batteries for ocean systems operations. 

Solid Electrolyte Systems. Whereas there has been considerable research into the development of soHd electrolyte batteries (18—21), development of practical batteries has been slow because of problems relating to the low conductivity of the soHd electrolyte. The development of an all sohd-state battery would offer significant advantages. Such a battery would overcome problems of electrolyte leakage, dendrite formation, and corrosion that can be encountered with Hquid electrolytes. 

Difficulties with the Na—S system arise ia part from the ceramic nature of the alumiaa separator the specific P-alumiaa is expeasive to prepare and the material is brittie and quite fragile. Separator failure is the leading cause of early cell failure. Cell failure may also be related to performance problems caused by polarization at the sodium/soHd electrolyte iaterface. Lastiy, seal leakage can be a determiaant of cycle life. In spite of these problems, however, the safety and rehabiUty of the Na—S system has progressed to the poiat where pilot plant production of these batteries is anticipated for EV and aerospace apphcations. 

Algebraic Comptttation This method starts with calculation of the quantities and compositions of all the terminal streams, using a convenient quantity of one of the streams as the basis of calculation. Material balance and stream compositions are then computed for a terminal ideal stage at either end of an extraction battery (i.e., at Point A or Point B in Fig. 18-81), using equilibrium and solution-retention data. Calculations are repeated for each successive ideal stage from one end of the system to the other until an ideal stage which corresponds to the desired conditions is obtained. Any solid-hquid extraction problem can be solved by this method. 

The ecological advantages of ICPs have made them of particular interest in the field of rechargeable batteries, since they do not involve heavy metals and do not appear to have any serious toxicological problems. 

Nickel-metal hydride is a popular alternative to Nicad batteries since they are capable of operating 75 percent longer after each charge, are less likely to suffer memoiy effects, and pose less of an environmental disposal problem. The difference between nickel-metal and Nicad batteries is that the negative... 

Though sodium-sulfur batteries have been under development for many years, major problems still exists with material stability. It is likely that the first commercial uses of this batteiy will not be for electric vehicles. Sodium-sulfur storage batteries may be more well-suited for hybrid electric vehicles or as part of a distributed energy resources system to provide power ill remote areas or to help meet municipal peak power requirements. 

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