Batches, size

Whether parallel operations, larger or smaller items of equipment, and intermediate storage should be used can only be judged on the basis of economic tradeoffs. However, this is still not the complete picture as far as the batch process tradeoffs are concerned. So far the batch size has not been varied. Batch size can be varied as a function of cycle time. Overall, the variables are... 

If ever there was a reaction that was batch size independent then it has to be this one. A chemist can try to process 200, 500 or even 1000g of P2P using this version of Leuckart and never recover more than 100g no matter how careful she is. This procedure is more in line with those who wish to make steady reasonable supplies of X and should not be used to process more than 100g of P2P at a time. In fact, it shouldn t be used to make any drugs at ail. You see that would be illegal. 

Malthouses being built in the United States are being designed for large batch sizes (150—200 t malt) and are highly automated to reduce labor and utihty costs. However, unless the beer market begins to grow or new uses for malt are found, it is likely that few new malthouses will be built. 

The 1990s reduction process was based on work started in the early 1930s. A magnesium vacuum reduction process was developed for reduction of titanium tetrachloride to metal. Based on this process, the U.S. Bureau of Mines (BOM) initiated a program in 1940 to develop commercial production. Some years later, the BOM pubHcized its work on titanium and made samples available to the industrial community. By 1948, the BOM produced batch sizes of 104 kg. In the same year, Du Pont aimounced commercial availabiHty of titanium, thus beginning the modem titanium metals industry (1). 

The control system requires the values of T and AT obsei-ved during the first minutes of operation to be stored as the basis for the above calculation of end point. When the exhaust temperature then reaches the value calculated, diying is terminated. Coefficient K can be estimated from models but requires adjustment on-hne to reach product specifications repeatedly. Products having different moisture specifications or particle size will require different settings of K, but the system does compensate for variations in feed moisture, batch size, air moisture, and inlet temperature. Some exhaust air may be recirculated to control the dewpoint of the inlet air, thereby consei-v-ing energy toward the end of the batch and when the ambient air is especially diy. 

Batch planetary mixers are used extensively in the pharmaceutical industiy for powder granulation. A typical batch size of 100 to 200 kg has a power input of 10 to 20 kW. Mixing times in these granulators are quite long (20 to 40 min). 

Match batch size to container size of critical components, using an integral number of whole containers, where possible Double check materials being added to reactor Complete batch loading sheets for each batch run Use of operator sign-off sheets Preweigh reactants before transferring to reactor Verify raw materials (certificate of analysis for critical materials)... 

Use unique fittings/connections/couplings (e.g., colors or sizes) where needed Match batch size to equipment capabilities Use appropriate materials of construction... 

Available equip- Procure equipment that can be used in other ment determines processes (current or future) without operating the process chem- close to its operating envelope, istry selected., Provide equipment with comparable pressure Operating close to rating for the entire system the safe operating envelope of the batch sizes to equipment capabilities equipment and the relief capability. ... 

Polymerisation takes place over a period of about 4 hours at 70°C. The reaction is exothermic and provision must be made for cooling when the batch size exceeds a few litres. In order to achieve better control of the proeess and to... 

The principle was demonstrated using triazine herbicides as templates and by varying the type of functional monomer and the monomer composition. With a final batch size of ca. 40 mg of monomer, the consumption of monomers and template is significantly reduced and the synthesis and evaluation can take place in standard high-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) autosample vials. After synthesis. 

In principle, the selection of dispersion equipment for a given purpose is very simple. The obvious choice is the one that will give the required degree of dispersion most economically. In practice it is not so easy. Availability of equipment, the nature of the raw materials, mill-base formulation, batch size, product type and the time available all influence the decision of which machine to use. 

That work led to a routine 700 gram scale oxide reduction process that has been in use since that time. Recent development work at LANL has increased the batch size to one kilogram of oxide feed. It appears that the ultimate limitation on DOR batch size will be from criticality safety constraints. 

Sulfonation with chlorosulfonic acid requires special corrosion-proof equipment either glass-lined steel or all glass. The latter is especially suitable for small batch size sulfonation. The HC1 absorber also is built of either glass-lined steel or all glass. 

Swiss case The following means were found 20.32, 20.43, 20.34, 20.60, 20.35, 20.36, 20.45, 20.40, 20.30, and 20.31. The number of tubes with fill weights below the -5% limit was 4, 1, 0, 0, 4, 1, 3, 3, 3, and 3, for a total of 22, and none below the -12.5% one. Twenty-two tubes out of 500 tested correspond to 4.4%. Since the limit is 5% failures, or 2.5 per 50, fully six out of 10IPC inspection runs at u = 50 each did not comply. At a total batch size of 3000 units, eventually 1 /6 of all packages were tested. Evidently, unless the filling overage is further increased, a sampling rate of well above 10% is necessary to exclude these stochastic effects, and so the 10 inspections were combined into one test of n = 500. 

Three different batch sizes were used, namely =400, =800, respectively =1200 kg in the chemical industry it is standard practice to validate a process for the available kettles and then adjust the particular batch size (minimum filling so the stirrer bar remains covered, maximum filling so no overpressure occurs and vents stay free) to achieve the requested tonnage often, campaigns of batches are run before the equipment is cleaned and refitted for the next product, see batch numbers 19. .. 23, followed by 1,. ... ... 

Figure 4.42. Trend analysis over 46 batches of a bulk chemical produced according to the same manufacturing procedure Small and scaled-up batch size [kg], HPLC and Titration assays [%], resp. individual HPLC impurity levels [%], versus batch number. The lack of full correlation between assays indicates that the titration is insensitive to some impurities detected by HPLC. The mass balance, where available, suggests that all relevant impurities are quantified. Impurities B and C, for instance, are highly correlated (r = 0.884, p = 0.0002).

Table 1. Three-variable Box-Behnken design for PS foams. Fixed parameters (1) batch size 25 g (2) target density 0.050 g/cm ...

Processing times have some proportionality to batch size. We have chosen to allow three batch sizes (500, 1000, 1500 mass units). The reactor... 

In particular, consider the batches shown in Table I. The first two columns of the table indicate the product type and batch size. The next column gives the processing times for each operation. The fourth column gives a unique identifier to each batch composed of a prefix B-P, the... 

While implementing production processes into multi kilogram batch sizes for NHC complexes (Fig. 14.1), a complete quality control of the imidazolium or imi-dazolidinium starting material was required. Therefore, Umicore has implemented large-scale manufacturing of the salts in-house, resulting in stable and reproducible synthetic protocols for the transition metal complexes. 

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