Batch injection analysis

Batch esterification, 10 478—480 Batch experimental reactor, 21 352 Batch extraction, 10 756 Batch extractor, holdup in, 10 764 Batch fermentation, 10 267 Batch filter cycles, 11 344, 345-346 Batch furnaces, 12 288—289 Batch gasoline blending, 12 413 Batch hydrogenation, 10 811 Batching, ceramics processing, 5 648 Batch injection analysis (BLA) technique, 9 586-587... 

H. Mohammadi, M. El Razi, A. Amine, A.M.O. Brett and C.M.A. Brett, Determination of mercury (II) by invertase enzyme inhibition coupled with batch injection analysis, Analyst, 27 (2002) 1088-1093. 

The wall-jet continuous flow system is readily modified to discrete injection mode as shown in Fig. 16.4. This is the electrochemical version of a general discrete injection technique known as batch injection analysis (BIA) [31] and is a hybrid between flow injection analysis and wall-jet in continuous flow. 

One of the benefits of electrochemical batch injection analysis is that dilution of the sample with electrolyte is not necessary, see below. A sample of volume =sl00p.L is injected directly from a micropipette, tip diameter 0.5 mm, over the centre of a macroelectrode exactly as in a wall-jet system. This is equivalent to a flow injection system with zero dispersion. During the injection, and after a short initial period to reach steady-state, the hydrodynamics is wall-jet type and a time-independent current is registered. BIA was first devised using amperometric, e.g., [31], and potentiometric, e.g., [34], detection. A typical amperometric trace is shown in Fig. 16.5. By using a programmable, motorised electronic... 

Fig. 16.4. Modification of a large-volume wall-jet cell to a cell for batch injection analysis (BIA). Cell body of perspex, diameter 12cm A. disc electrode contact B, auxiliary electrode C, reference electrode D, micropipette tip.

Another important application of the supramolecular porphyrin films is in the determination of drugs (e.g., acetaminophen in pharmaceutical formulations). This work was recently performed (287) by means of batch injection analysis (BIA) utilizing amperometric detection with glassy carbon electrodes modified with [Co (4-TRPyP)](CF3S03)5 films. 

There are many variants of analytical flow systems, e.g., segmented flow analysis, flow injection analysis, sequential injection analysis, multisyringe flow injection analysis, batch injection analysis, mono-segmented flow analysis, flow-batch analysis, multi-pumping flow analysis, all injection analysis and bead injection analysis, all of which have acronyms [176]. In view of the existence of several common features, however, all flow analysers can be broadly classified as either segmented or unsegmented, with the most common example of the later mode being the flow injection analyser. 

J. Wang, Z. Taha, Batch injection analysis, Anal. Chem. 63 (1991) 1053. 

M.S.M. Quintino, L. Angnes, Batch injection analysis an almost unexplored powerful tool, Electroanal 16 (2004) 513. 

Fungaro D A and Brett C M A 1999 Microelectrode arrays application in batch-injection analysis Anal. Chim. Acta 385 257... 

Quintino, M.S.M., K. Araki, H.E. Toma, and L. Angnes (2002). Batch injection analysis utilizing modified electrodes with tetraruthenated porphyrin films for acetaminophen quantification. Electroanalysis 14, 1629-1634. 

Silva, R.A.B., Montes, R.H.O., Richter, E.M. and Munoz, R.A.A. (2012) Rapid and selective determination of hydrogen peroxide residues in milk by batch injection analysis with amperometric detection. Food Chem., 133,200-204. 

Brett, A.M.O., Matysik, F.-M. and Vieira, M.T. (1997) Thin-film gold electrodes produced by magnetron sputtering. Voltammetric characteristics and application in batch injection analysis with amperometric detection. Electroanalysis, 9, 209. 

FIGURE 1.8 Scheme of a Perspex cell used for amperometric detection in batch injection analysis (a) working disk electrode, (b) ring electrode, (c) auxiliary electrode, (d) saturated calomel reference electrode, and (e) micropipette tip. (Adapted from Brett, C. M. A., A. M. O. Brett, and L. C. Mitoseriu. 1997. Electroanalysis 7 225-234.)... 

Thavarungkul, P., P. Suppapitnarm, P. Kanatharana et al. 1999. Batch injection analysis for the determination of sucrose in sugar cane juice using immobilized invertase and thermometric detection. Biosens. Bioelectron. 14 19-25. 

Gimenes, D. T., M. C. Marra, R. A. A. Munoz, L. Angnes, and E. M. Richter. 2014. Determination of propranolol and hydrochlorothiazide by batch injection analysis with amperometric detection and capillary electrophoresis with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection. Anal. Methods 6(10) 3261-3267. 

Quintino, M. S. M., and L. Angnes. 2004. Batch injection analysis An almost unexplored powerful tool. Electroanalysis 16(7) 513-523. 

Tormin, T. F., R. R. Cunha, E. M. Richter, and R. A. A. Munoz. 2012. Fast simultaneous determination of BFFA and TBHQ antioxidants in biodiesel by batch injection analysis using pulsed-amperometric detection. Talanta 99 527-531. 

Porphyrin-modified electrodes were widely utilized for quantification of low concentrations of metals, pharmaceutical products, and species of environmental and industrial importance in association with flow techniques. This strategy enhances the amperometric response and sensitivity (the capacitive current is virtually reset), while reducing significantly the time necessary for analyses. Flow injection analysis (FIA) has been extensively explored for this purpose and a revision on the application of porphyrins and derivatives was published some years ago [203]. Alternatively, batch injection analysis (BIA) can be an interesting way for fast analyses utilizing a similar mass transport process to the electrode surface [204]. For example, citric acid was electrochemically determined by BIA using cobalt phthalocyanine modified carbon paste electrodes [205]. 

Amperometric batch injection analysis also presents high potential for many applications. In this technique, a motorized pipette dispenses small volume of sample in a controlled way on the working electrode surface assuring the reproducibility of the signal. A study utilizing BIA and electrodes modified with the electropolymerized Mn-TSPP/silver nanocomposite was utilized for quantification of hydrazine in a very favorable potential (h-0.010 V vs. Ag/AgCl), in a wide concentration window (2.5 x 10 to 2.5 x 10 " mol L ). The repeatability (RSD = 0.84 %, for 30 repetitions), detection limit (3.1 x 10 mol L ), and... 

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