Base Stocks classification

Lubricating oil additives (LOAs), 19 69 Lubricating oil base stocks, 15 214-219 biodegradable, 15 218-219 classification of, 15 214-215 manufacturing processes for,... 

PAH PAJ PAO PCBs Polyaromatic hydrocarbons. Petroleum Association of Japan. Poly-a-olefin base stock of various viscosity classifications. Any of the chlorinated derivatives of biphenyl (also called diphenyl). 

Base stocks falling in the group II category will, in the vast majority of cases, be hydrocracked stocks, since the low sulfur and high saturates limits (low aromatics of less than 10%) are otherwise difficult to attain. The majority of group II stocks produced have Vis of 95 to 105. Group 11+ is a commonly used industry subset (not a formal part of the API classification) defined by a VI in the range of 110 to 120 and created because of the current demand for the low volatility that accompanies these Vis. 

The Society for Automotive Engineers (SAE) has developed a viscosity classification system for finished (i.e., not just the base stock) engine lubricants that defines viscosity ranges as well as low temperature properties. The 2004 SAE J300 grades are shown in Table 1.7.9... 

Base stock specifications, as defined by the producer or the purchaser, largely enumerate the physical properties required for the fluid—typically density, viscosity at two temperatures, viscosity index (VI), low temperature performance measures, flash and volatility properties, and solubility information from aniline point or viscosity-gravity constant (VGC)—the latter two are usually for naphthenic base stocks. While chemical composition is responsible for physical properties, it usually only surfaces as measurements of heteroatom content—sulfur and nitrogen—and aromatics content (or conversely that of saturates). Sulfur and aromatics levels in paraffinic base stocks are now criteria for American Petroleum Institute (API) classifications. However, detailed chemical compositional information is needed to understand the chemistry of the unit processes, the effects of changes in feeds, catalysts, and operating conditions, and behaviors of finished lubricant products. 

The most common name is neutral (N) which was derived in the days when the lube distillates were acid treated (sulfuric acid) followed by clay filtration. After clay treating the oil was acid free or neutral. The viscosity number in this example, 150 N, is the approximate viscosity of the base stock (Note the ASTM viscosity classification refers to an industrial oil grade system, not the base stock viscosity system) expressed in Saybolt Seconds Universal (SSU) at 100 F. 

US stock exchanges based on the probabilistic approach, requiring the report of only proved reserves they, nonetheless, also allow scope for some discretion. In conclusion, it can be said that, so far, there are no international requirements or standards in place regarding reserve classification and reporting, and the methodologies used for reserve estimates seem to vary according to their purpose as a result, reserve data are often referred to as political data . The consequences are inconsistency and controversy about the future supply of oil and gas. 

A total of 250 fungal isolates were obtained in pure culture. Colony morphologies of many of the isolates were similar. On the basis of colony morphology on standard mineral base medium, organisms were separated into 59 types. These types were retained in stock to examine metal resistance characteristics and their ability to exocellularly modify Ni form and solubility in soil. Further classification to the species level is underway. 

In the case of cellular rubber, the ASTM uses several classifications based on the method of manufacture [11,12]. Cellular rubber is a general term covering all cellular materials that have an elastomer as the polymer phase. Sponge rubber and expanded rubber are cellular rubbers produced by expanding bulk rubber stocks, and are open-cell and closed- cell, respectively. Latex foam rubber, which is also a cellular rubber, is produced by frothing a rubber latex or liquid rubber, gelling the frothed latex, and then vulcanizing it in the expanded state. 

Recent advances in color machine technology have provided sophisticated tools with extensive new applications for evaluating food quality. Shearer and Payne (1990) reported on sorting bell pq>pers based on color as characterized by the hue of light reflected from the pq>per surface. Shearer and Holmes (1990) proposed a color texture approach to identify seven common cultivars of nursery stock based on cooccurrence matrices. The addition of hue texture improved the classification accuracy from 81.7% to 90.9% over using intensity texture features alone. Liao et al. (1991) used color differences between vitreous and floury endosperm area of a corn kernel to classify corn hardness. Edan et al. (1994) used machine vision extracted appearance attributes such as size, shape and color for a multi-sensor based quality evaluation of tomatoes. These researches used color as an added dimension of information for classification, but made no attempt to quantify the colors of the food materials they were investigating. 

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