Baited

I6I C. Warfarin baits need contain only 0 025% active principle, and rats are killed after ingesting about 5 doses the bait can be left down and the risk of acute toxicity to man or domestic animals is not serious. In common with other coumarin derivatives, warfarin reduces the clotting power of blood and death is caused by haemorrhages initiated by any slight injury. Warfarin is a vitamin K antagonist, and large oral doses of the vitamin can be given as an antidote. 

Cyanine Dyes Derived Irom Thiazoiium baits... 

The bulk of global production from aquaculture is utilized directly as human food, with pubhc aquaculture playing a minor role in many nations or being absent. Private aquaculture is not only about human food production, however. There is, in some regions, weU-developed private sector aquaculture involved in the production of bait and ornamental fishes and invertebrates. 

Animal aquaculture is concentrated on finfish, moUuscs, and cmstaceans. Sponges, echinoderms, tunicates, turtles, frogs, and alligators are being cultured, but production is insignificant in comparison with the three principal groups. Common and scientific names of many of the species of the finfish, moUuscs, and cmstaceans currently under culture are presented in Table 2. Included are examples of bait, recreational, and food animals. 

J. Baites, Gewinning und Wen rbeitung Hon Nahrungsfetten, P. Parey, Berlin, 1975. 

Toxicity. Sodium fluoroacetate is one of the most effective all-purpose rodenticides known (18). It is highly toxic to all species of rats tested and can be used either in water solution or in bait preparations. Its absence of objectionable taste and odor and its delayed effects lead to its excellent acceptance by rodents. It is nonvolatile, chemically stable, and not toxic or irritating to the unbroken skin of workers. Rats do not appear to develop any significant tolerance to this compound from nonlethal doses. However, it is extremely dangerous to humans, to common household pets, and to farm animals, and should only be used by experienced personnel. The rodent carcasses should be collected and destroyed since they remain poisonous for a long period of time to any animal that eats them. 

Cream of tartar is used in baiting powder and in prepared baiting mixes (see Bakery processes and leavening agents). Its limited solubihty at low temperatures inhibits the reaction with bicarbonate until baiting temperature is reached, thus releasing a significant portion of the carbon dioxide at the optimum time. 

White phosphorus, iacorporated ia sweet syrup, forms a useful bait for cockroaches. SiUcic acid, Si02 or H2Si02, very finely divided, is a rapidly acting desiccant that kills cockroaches, fleas, termites, and stored-grain pests by dehydration. 

Mitex [2385-85-5] is l,2,3,4,5,5,6,7,8,9,10,10-dodecachloro-octahydro-l,3,4-metheno-2JT-cyclobuta-p,<7 -pentalene (37) (mp 485°C). The rat LD s are 306, 600 (oral) and >2000 (dermal) mg/kg. Mirex is extremely resistant to biodegradation and was once considered the perfect stomach poison iasecticide for use ia baits to control imported fire ants. However, even at doses of a few milligrams per 10 m it was found to bioaccumulate ia birds and fish and its registrations were canceled ia the United States ia 1976. 

Vinyl Phosphates. Dichlorvos [62-73-7] 0,0-dimethyl 0-(2,2-dichloroviayl) phosphate, (CH20)2P(0)0CH=CCl2 (bp 140°C at 27 kPa, d 1.314, vp 1.6 Pa at 20°C), is soluble ia water to about 10 g/L. The half-hfe ia water is 8 h. The rat oral LD qS are 80, 56 mg/kg. Dichlorvos is used ia aerosols and sugar baits to control flies and mosquitoes. Slow release formulations have been used ia plastic strips and pet collars to control animal ectoparasites. 

Methoprene and hydroprene are first-generation juvenoids that iacorporate minor stmctural optimisation of neotenin to increase persistence. Methoprene, 1-isopropyl (E,E)-ll-methoxy-3,7,ll-tnmethyl dodecadi-2,4-enoate (129) (bp 100 C/6.7 Pa, vp 3.5 mPa at 25°C), is soluble ia water to 1.4 mg/L. The rat oral LD q is >34,000 mg/kg. Methoprene has been used as a mosquito larvicide, ia baits for ant control, and as a catde feed-through treatment for horn fly control. Hydroprene, methyl (H,H)-3,7,ll-trimethyl-dodecadi-2,4-enoate (130) (bp 174°C at 2.5 kPa, vp 2.5 mPa at 25°C), is soluble ia water to 0.54 mg/L. The rat oral LD q is >34,000 mg/kg. Hydroprene is especially effective against aphids and cockroaches. 

Avermectins and Ivermectin. The avermectias are pentacycHc lactones isolated from fermentation products of Streptomjces avermitilis and ivermectin is a semisynthetic chemical, 22,23-dihydroavermectia (46). Ivermectin is effective in very low doses for the control of red spider mites on deciduous fmits, in baits for the control of imported fire ants, and as a parasiticide for Onchocerca volvulus in humans and for catde gmbs. These insecticides appear to function as agonists for the neuroinhibitory transmitter y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) (see Antiparasitic agents, avermectins). 

Hydramethylnon [67485-29-4] is tetrabydro-5,5-dimetbyl-2-(1 H)-pyrimidinone [bis-l,5-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-3-penta-l,4-dienylidene] hydrazone (152) (mp 189°C). It is a slow-acting stomach poison used in baits and traps to control ants and cockroaches. Its mode of action is inhibition of mitochondrial electron transport. 

Sulflutamid or A/-ethylpetfluotoctanesulfonamide [4151 -50-2] CgF yS02NHC2H, is a slow-acting stomach poison used in baits for the control of ants and cockroaches. It acts as an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation. 

Baits include mixtures of toxicant, usually at l ndash 5%, with a carrier especially attractive to the insect pest. Carriers include sugar for the houseflies, protein hydrolysates for fmit flies, bran for grasshoppers, and honey, chocolate, or peanut butter for ants. 

The male Mediterranean fmit fly Ceratitis capitata is similarly attracted to the terpenoid a-copaene [3856-25-5] (176) from the oil oiA.ngelica archangelica and this and the parakairomone tert-huty 2-methyl-4-chlorocyclohexanoate (trimedlure [12002-53-8]) are very extensively employed in monitoring for infestations of this destmctive pest. The female apple maggot fly Jiagoktispomonella is attracted to the apple volatile butyl hexanoate, which is used to bait sticky red spheres to monitor populations and time spray treatments. 

Repellents Not Using Human Bait (No Attractant). A treated strip of fabric and a control strip are lowered iato a container of crawling arthropods such as ticks, fleas, and mites. After a predetermined time, the strips are lifted, the animals remaining are counted, and the percentage repeUency is determined. 

Avitrol [504-24-5] (4-anHnopyridine) (24), mp 155—158°C, bp 273°C, has repeUent—toxicant properties for birds and is classed as a severe poison and irritant. This secondary bird repeUent can be used as a broadcast bait, causing uncoordinated flight and distress caUs and escape responses in nearby birds (57). A reevaluation shows lack of effectiveness of 1% baits but better control of blackbirds with 3% baits (58). Suspected contamination of drinking water with 4-aminopyridine has been reported in toxicosis of Brahman catde and horses (59). 

Anthrahydroquinones have been patented in Japan as bird repeUents (73), and anthraquinone [84-65-1] (qv) is used widely in Europe as a spray to protect growing crops and as a wood dressing. The synthetic pyrethroid deltamethrin [52918-63-5] (27) was evaluated (74), as were other materials, including bendiocarb (20) (75) and 20,25-dia2ocholesterol dihydrochloride [1249-84-9] (Omitrol) (28), a steroid that inhibits embryo development when adsorbed or ingested as a seed treatment of bait com (55,76). 

A fermented-egg product (EEP), patented as an attractive bait for synanthropic flies, has been shown to be attractive to coyotes and repeUent to deer (79). Its components are variable, with relative concentrations of 77% fatty acids, 13% bases, and 10% (primarily) neutrals composed of at least 54 volatiles such as ethyl esters, dimethyl disulfide, and 2-mercaptoethanol. Synthetic formulations have been evaluated to find a replacement for a patented fermented-egg protein product that attracts coyotes and repels deer. Ten aUphatic acids (C-2 to C-8), four amines (pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, and trimethyl), dimethyl disulfide, 2-mercaptoethanol, and 54 more volatiles (C-1 to C-5 esters of C-1 to C-8 acids) have been tested as synthetic fermented egg (SEE) (80) in approximately the same proportions that are present in EEP. Weathering was a problem that caused decreased efficacy, which suggests trials of controUed-release formulations. Eourteen repeUents have been examined against white-taU deer in Peimsylvania in choice tests when treated onto sheUed com (81). 

Abamectin is also used to control the imported red fine ant Soknopsis invicta. For this use abamectin is formulated as a bait together with soybean oil and com grits. Worker ants transport the bait to the colony, the queen becomes sterile, and the colony is eliminated after 12 to 21 weeks. Similar effects on the fecundity of other female insects at nonlethal doses have been reported (16,17). 

In insect control, PEA has been considered as a mosquito repeUant (68), and its acetate has been used as an ingredient in Japanese beetle bait (69). The alcohol also has bacteriostatic action and antiflmgicidal properties (70—73), and it has been claimed as a surface-active agent (74). 

In method (4) the fiber-reactive dye is appHed with alkaH and urea, the choice of alkaH and amounts of alkaH and urea being dependent on the depth of shade. Baiting conditions are around 60—90 s at 150°C. This method is popular ia Asia. 

Z)-9-Tricosene [(Z)-CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)i2CH3] is the sex pheromone of the female housefly. Synthetic (Z)-9-tricosene is used as bait to lure male flies to traps that contain insecticide. Using acetylene and alcohols of your choice as starting materials, along with any necessary inorganic reagents, show how you could prepare (Z)-9-tricosene. 

At each cliargs ot the cylinder, about J picul of leaves and twigs aod 250 catties ( = 2+ piculs) ot water are employed the water used is mostly trom ijreoeding distillates. The distillation lasts aboul two and a bait hours,... 

Ittnt, pref. (of bersten) burst, exploded, etc. Bait, m. beard bur, seam barb, blrdg, a. bearded, hartlos, a. beardless. 

Sheli Cover Bolted to Shell. Shell Cover Bolted to Shell. Floating Head Caver Baited ta Floating Head Cover Boited Tube Sheet or its Backing Ring. Expansion of Tube Bundle to Tube Sheet or its Provided by External Packing Gland or by Internal Bellows... 

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