Backdrop

The concept of clean technology and green chemistry has heen around for nearly 15 years now and it is heartening to note that these ideas are penetrating into a wider cross-section of the process industry. 

Companies have now recognized the need for protection of the environment and the eco-system hy recovering important hy-product chemicals. This enables them not only to comply with the stringent regulations of the Environment Protection Agencies (EPA) or the Pollution Control Board (PCB) hut also reaps harvest hy achieving better financial results and widening the product mix benefit. 

More often than not in spite of the visible benefits of adopting the most modern technologies which are safe and 

In a cresols complex producing para-cresol and some of the downstream derivatives such as p-anisic aldehyde or other oxidation products such as 3,4,5-trimethoxy benzaldehyde, etc., important inorganic chemicals can be recovered and sold not only towards improvement of the eco-system but also for betterment of the bottom-line from sales of these by-products from the waste streams. 

In accordance with the norms prescribed by the Environment Protection Agencies or Pollution Control Boards in various states of India and other countries, liquid effluents in any case are to be treated properly before discharge. Total solid content and pH of the liquid effluents after treatment are important parameters. Accordingly the right and logical solution will be to remove the soluble salts as sellable by-products and discharge the neutral effluents having pH in the proximity of 7. This will call for waste recovery systems and minimize waste streams. 

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Bangladesh is a developing country of 3rd world located in South East Asia covering a tenitory of 147,730 sqkm with about 120 million population. Per capita income is about 220 and literacy rate for 7 years and above has been 32.4%. In the backdrop of agrarian poverty ridden economy, its population may exceed 125 m by 2000 AD. Its 47% population are living below poverty line 12.06m people are unemployed. 

Against this backdrop, the quest for more efficient processes, more reliable equipment, downtime avoidance, and maintenance cost reductions is understandable. How are these pursuits structured Better yet, how should they be structured The answer is the real best-of-class, high profitability performers who are hard at work changing old ways of thinking. They are willing to reassess work processes and work procedures. Best-of-class companies also revisit the basics while, understandably, engaging in the search for new and advanced technologies. 

Against the backdrop of an Earth warmed by its own greenhouse effect, other forces operate that can increase or decrease the retention of heat by the atmosphere. Some of these forces are of human origin, some are produced by nature, and some are produced by mutual feedback reactions. 

The energ /transport relationship is complex and resists easy generalization. Against this backdrop, what useful conclusions can he drawn about the role of passenger rail services in saving energy or reducing environmental impacts from transport ... 

An intriguing possibility thus presents itself. If some kind of a primordial information, and not higher-level constructs such as mass, energy, spin, and so forth, is indeed the real substance out of which all stuff is made - leaving aside for the moment, the question of form of that information - is it not natural to suppose that a discrete space-time structure, our heretofore pre-defined and static dynamical mediator, is itself built out of the same substance i.e. to suppose that space-time is not just a backdrop for information processing, there only to define what is local and what is not and where to and where from information is allowed to flow, but is itself a construct of primordial information This supposition is not entirely without precedent. 

Intentionally mistating Misner, et.aJ. s quote with which we began this section, one is tempted to speculate, instead, that Neither matter nor space tells the other how to act, for both are nothing other than constructs of information. There is no such thing as spacetime, only information. Sometimes it acts like space, sometimes it acts like matter and sometimes it simultaneously acts as both. In many ways, this would be an ideal marriage between the central lesson of gravity - namely, the proposition that spacetime is not just a static backdrop on top of which dynamics takes place but is an active coupled participant in that dynamics - and the notion that, underneath it all, fundamentally, all is information. 

The following brief introduction to this issue will attempt to provide a backdrop for examining some marine chemical reactions and distributions in the context of chemical and physical fundamentals. The detailed discussions contained in the chapters that follow this one will provide examples of just how well (or poorly) we can interpret specific chemical oceanographic processes within the basic framework of marine chemistry. 

Of even greater importance, the success of any therapy, including pharmacotherapy, depends on the relationship between patient and therapist. The nature and quality of the interaction between the clinician and the patient, flavored by both of their cultural backgrounds, values, attitudes, and expectations, serve as the backdrop against which drugs work, or fail to work. Attention to and successful management of transference and counter-transference are key to the success of not only psychotherapy, but also pharmacotherapy. The importance of culture in this respect cannot be disregarded. 

Against this backdrop, researchers reported evidence that iproniazid, the antitubercular drug that was to become the first antidepressant, might increase norepinephrine and serotonin levels in the brain. How did it have this effect Recall that some of the neurotransmitter molecules released by a neuron are destroyed by enzymes in the synaptic cleft between the sending presynaptic neuron and the receiving postsynaptic neuron. When the neurotransmitter is a monoamine - like norepinephrine and serotonin - this process is called monoamine oxidase (MAO). As early as 1952 researchers at the Northwestern University Medical School in Chicago reported that iproniazid inhibited the oxidation of monoamines. This meant that iproniazid was a... 

Lander and Schork s article was written against the backdrop of related investigations by 1990s geneticists, who also found that single-gene disorders were not so simple, even when inherited in a Mendelian way. Cystic... 

Conventional processes involving distillation of the product directly from the reactor or batch continuous operation where the distillation is carried out in a separate chamber (Chapter 2) provide the backdrop for the many alternative processes that are being discussed. 

These calculations act as a backdrop for the next part of this Chapter, in which we describe calculations of ground-states, transition-states and products, for the loss of H2 from simple secondary alkyl carbocations, using the cyclodecyl cations as our model. 

In the large body of work that has explored the relationship between the systems of Marx and Keynes,5 there is no established understanding of the role played by the multiplier. This can be illustrated by some of the more recent attempts to interpret the multiplier from a Marxian perspective. Two main topics of concern are (1) the role of the multiplier in the reproduction schema and (2) the way in which Marx s category of surplus value relates to the structure of the multiplier. The following brief consideration of this recent literature provides the backdrop to a full critique, in which some of its limitations will be addressed. 

Despite its present stage of relative infancy, the history of chemical engineering already harbors a number of important themes. One of them is that chemical engineering, as this word is now used in the United States and a number of other countries, refers to a disciplinary and professional structure which saw its original cognitive foundations based on a new notion - that of unit operations. This point has been developed elsewhere (1) but it will be useful to summarize some of the main elements of this story to provide a suitable backdrop for the present paper. 

It is against this backdrop that the history of political whiteness took shape and that the fluidity of certain groups racial identities became apparent. The crosscurrents here are terribly complex. The Mexican War, slavery and Emancipation, Reconstruction, Indian wars, anti-Chinese agitation, Pacific expansion, and popular accounts of Pacific, Asian, and African exploration all kept vividly alive the crucial distinction in American political culture dividing white from nonwhite populations, as did... 

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