Cultural backgrounds

Consumers expectations depend on several factors including cultural background, past experiences, desire for color coordination, esthetic appeal, local customs, fads, etc. Thus, eg, a Texas red hot sold ia the South is often colored quite differently than one sold ia the North, Midwesterners prefer butter with a deep yellow color, and on birthdays the decoration on a boy s cake are often blue and those on a gid s are often pink. 

Of even greater importance, the success of any therapy, including pharmacotherapy, depends on the relationship between patient and therapist. The nature and quality of the interaction between the clinician and the patient, flavored by both of their cultural backgrounds, values, attitudes, and expectations, serve as the backdrop against which drugs work, or fail to work. Attention to and successful management of transference and counter-transference are key to the success of not only psychotherapy, but also pharmacotherapy. The importance of culture in this respect cannot be disregarded. 

Horne, R., Graupner, L., Frost, S. et al (2004). Medicine in a multi-cultural society the effect of cultural background on beliefs about medications. Soc. Sci. Med., 59, 1307-13. 

Yes. They were brother and sister. Elizabeth was married to Edward IV. She was married to Sir John Grey before, though, and had two sons. He was killed in battle, and she married Edward. And Anthony was the first writer that Caxton printed in England. The shepherd s pie is very hot I have to drink some water before I can go on. It s about what books they owned—what Anthony wrote—and what they might have read, and what that tells us about them. And what it tells us about their world, their cultural background, about how the book trade worked. ... 

Srigley, Michael. Images of regeneration a study of Shakespeare s The Tempest and its cultural background. Uppsala Almqvist Wiksell, 1985. 

On the other hand, you rightly emphasised the problems that arise when dealing with patients whose value systems or cultural backgrounds are different. In Africa, one is frequently confronted by patients whose faith in sangomas, or witch doctors, is profound and whose language presents a barrier that requires the intervention of an interpreter and hence the loss of the interpersonal relationship that the holistic approach requires. Under these circumstances, reductionism is often the easiest answer to providing a good deal by Western standards. 

Geographical, Historical and Cultural Background of Hong Kong... 

The historical and cultural background of the discoveries of Ziegler and Natta and the development of their research in the following 10 years has been described in the Nobel Lectures of the protagonists (2, 3). 

The historical significance of Swedenborg in the development of modem occultism is a point deftly made by S. Brown for his strictly literary effects, see Roos for the broader cultural background, see chapter 1. 

Polybrominated Biphenyls. Twenty-five workers at a PBB-manufacturing plant (exposure duration and levels not reported) displayed mean scores on tests of memory and learning that were typical for people of their age, and educational, occupational, and cultural backgrounds, even though they had an elevated mean PBB concentration in adipose tissue (9.33 ppm) (Brown et al. 1981). Workers with the highest concentrations of PBBs in adipose tissue showed no evidence of memory dysfunction in these tests. 

In fact, the external expression of our sensations and feelings is likely to be affected by the sum of our experiences and the cultural background acquired during our life. Skin smoothness, for example, is experienced from birth but the expression of this sensation is largely governed by our personal history. 

Beauty in general refers to the perception of the observer. For an object, a person, a concept or a place to appear as beautiful implies that the observer perceives it as such. As far as the entity itself is concerned, it is obvious that there are no absolute criteria able to define its beauty. For objects or their two- or three-dimensional representations, several factors can be put forward as contributing to give the observer the feeling that he or she is contemplating something beautiful. Symmetry is certainly one of them. Similarly, the relation between the object that is observed and entities found in Nature or in our urban environment is also important, as well as the possible function of the object or of what it may evoke. In any case, the most important criterion is without doubt on the observer s side his or her cultural background determines whether the observer perceives the object as beautiful or not. 

Unlike other manufacturing industries, where the produet ean be accurately specified in terms of its performance, food is measured by individuals, and its qualities of appearance, texture and flavour are measured subjeetively against a set of criteria established by experience. We know what we hke, and it is very dependent on our own cultural background and lifestyle. As eonsumers, we detect some qualities instantly with our eyes, nose and mouth, aU of whieh have multiple sensors with stimulus/ response behaviour that is not completely understood. We have to recognise that these qualities are defined subjectively, and are described in words that have, as yet, no clear numerical definition. There are other quaUties such as the efifeet of food on our longer-term health and well-being that as individuals we are not weU equipped to measure. We cannot easily detect the effect of salt on our blood pressure or antioxidants on our cancer resistance. The development of biomarkers for health is outside the scope of this volume. 

The antisocial behavior of some opiate addicts seems more a function of personality, cultural background, expectation, and setting than of the drugs. Medical patients who become addicted to morphine in hospital settings usually do not conform to stereo-... 

With this background, the investigator can profitable ask questions about interindividual similarities of the various discrete states. Are they really enough alike across individuals to warrant a common state name If so, does this relate mainly to cultural background similarities of the individuals studied or to some more fundamental aspect of the nature of the human mind ... 

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