Fuels, automotive, oxygenates

A number of such processes were established before the second World War in Germany, Japan, and France for the production of hydrocarbon mixtures in the liquid fuel range (P2). This way of manufacturing automotive fuels is now uneconomical in most areas, but related processes may be utilized for the production of various chemicals, such as paraffinic waxes or oxygenated compounds. (The manufacture of methanol from carbon monoxide and hydrogen, usually by catalytic reaction in fixed-bed gas-particle operation, is an important process of this type.)... 

As mentioned earlier, the oxidation of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons should be achieved simultaneously with the reduction of nitrogen oxides. However, the first reaction needs oxygen in excess, whereas the second one needs a mixture (fuel-oxygen) rich in fuel. The solution was found with the development of an oxygen sensor placed at exhaust emissions, which would set the air-to-fuel ratio at the desired value in real time. So, the combination of electronics and catalysis and the progress in these fields led to better control of the exhaust emissions from automotive vehicles. 

F Vinylidene fluoride, hexafluoropropylene, tetrafluroethylene Oxygenated automotive fuels concentrated aqueous inorganic acids water steam... 

D. Zudkevitch, A. K. S. Murthy, J Gmehling. Thermodynamic aspects of reformulation of automotive fuels, Part 1. The effects of oxygenates on the vapor pressures and volatilities of gasolines. J. Hydrocarbon Processing, 93-100, June 1995. 

The conversion of biomass to automotive fuels has perhaps received the most attention of any chemical biomass conversion process. One of the most visible technologies under this classification is the aqueous phase reforming (APR) process [35], in which the oxygen content of carbohydrate feedstocks is reduced with in-situ... 

Use the web to find out what type of sensor is used to determine the oxygen pressure in the exhaust manifold of automotive fuel injection system engines. 

Ethanol produced from sugar cane is being used as automotive fuel in Brazil. Ethanol produced from corn is being used as a gasoline additive (oxygenator) in the United States. 

Owen K, Coley T (1990) Oxygenated blend components for gasoline. In Automotive fuels handbook. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale PA,... 

Vehicle Emissions. Gasohol has some automotive exhaust emissions benefits because adding oxygen to a fuel leans out the fuel mixture, producing less carbon monoxide [630-08-2] (CO). This is tme both for carbureted vehicles and for those having electronic fuel injection. 

One of the most straightforward methods to reduce carbon dioxide emissions is to enhance the fuel efficiency of engines. The three-way catalyst, although very successful at cleaning up automotive exhaust, dictates that engines operate at air-to-fuel ratios of around 14.7 1. Unfortunately, this is not the optimum ratio with respect to fuel efficiency, which is substantially higher under lean-burn conditions at A/F ratios of about 20 1, where the exhaust becomes rich in oxygen and NOx reduction is extremely difficult (Fig. 10.1). 

Where R is the gas constant, T is the temperature, and F is the Faraday constant. Caused by the logarithmic correlation between the gas concentration and the voltage signal, the potentiometric measurement is best suited for measurements of small amounts of oxygen. A well-known application of this principle has been realized in the so called lambda-probe for automotive applications where they are used to control the lambda value within a small interval around 1 = 1. The lambda-value is defined by the relation between the existing air/fuel ratio and the theoretical air/fuel ratio for a stoichiometric mixture composition ... 

Carbon monoxide (CO) is generated in incomplete combustion processes. In households the main sources are all kinds of fuel burners (fuel oil, wood, natural gas, coal etc.) and automotive exhaust gas. Carbon monoxide is an odorless and invisible gas, and, due to its affinity to hemoglobin, which is higher than that of oxygen, it reduces the blood s capacity to carry oxygen. Hence it is toxic, especially for unborn and small children as well as for the elderly or people with heart problems or anemia. Even small amounts of CO can be harmful. Tab. 5.6 gives an overview of the relation between CO concentration and the corresponding symptoms of intoxication. 

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