Autologous endothelial cells

Kawamoto A, Tkebuchava T, Yamaguchi J, Nishimura H, Yoon YS, Milliken C, Uchida S, Masuo O, Iwaguro H, Ma H, Hanley A, Silver M, Kearney M, Losordo DW, Isner JM, Asahara T. Intramyocardial transplantation of autologous endothelial progenitor cells for therapeutic neovascularization of myocardial ischemia. Circulation 2003 107 461-468. 

Fuchs, S., Motta, A., Migliaresi, C., and Kirkpatrick, C.J. "Outgrowth endothelial cells isolated and expanded from human peripheral blood progenitor cells for endothelia-lization as a potential source of autologous of silk fibroin biomaterials". Biomaterials 27(31), 5399-5408 (2006). 

Mesenchymal stem cells are another group of adult stem cells that have been suggested as potential donor cells (see Part I, Chapter 13). These cells are accessible from the bone marrow and peripheral blood, allow autologous transplantation, may be multipotent, and can also differentiate into specialized tissues, including possibly cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells. 

Graham LM, Vinter DW, Ford JW, Kahn RH, Burkel WE, Stanley JC. Endothelial cell seeding of prosthetic vascular grafts. Early experimental studies with cultured autologous canine endothelium. Arch. Surg. 115 929-933,... 

Stachelek et al. (2006) modified a polyether urethane to promote cell adhesion and produce an antitrombogenic surface. Their work was based on the hypothesis that endothehal seeding of a PUR heart valve leaflet with autologous sheep blood outgrowth endothelial cells (BOECs) could be achieved with a cholesterol-modified PUR (PUR-Chol) to promote... 

The development of a functional TEVG is likely to require the constmction of an intima and media composed of endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Limitations imposed by immunogenicity will probably require that autologous cells be used, so the majority of studies to date have used differentiated smooth muscle and endothelial cells isolated from harvested blood vessels. But problems with donor-site morbidity and the performance of these cell types in engineered tissues have led to the consideration of alternative cell sources. Recent advances in stem cell biology may lead to suitable progenitors that can be effectively differentiated into endothelial and smooth muscle cells for use in vascular tissue engineering. 

Stock et al. used P4HB scaffolds and tissue engineered the patch with a porosity of 95% and pore sizes in the range of 180-240 p,m by salt-leaching and solvent evaporation. The sheep autologous cells (endothelial, smooth muscle, and fibroblast cells) were seeded on the scaffold before implantation. Results confirmed that the cell-seeded implants induced progressive tissue regeneration with no thrombus formation, stenosis, or dilatation. 

Endothelial progenitor cell numbers appear to decrease in the presence of risk factors for CAD and to correlate negatively with Framingham cardiovascular risk factors [31]. Therefore, stem cell therapy with EPCs may prove very useful in the clinical setting of cardiovascular disease. The kinetic and biological properties of EPCs may be especially appropriate for autologous transplantation. EPCs may also be safe to use in elderly and diabetic patients, populations in which they do not tend to migrate as much or induce neovascularization [68]. 

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