Autoclave schematic

Fig. 1. A pressurized electrochemical cell based on a modified Parr autoclave. Schematic diagram of the cell (A) linage of the cell (B) and Schematic structure of a working electrode (C).

Figure 2 Schematic diagram of a 100-mL UV-autoclave. a = gas and sampling valve, b = thermocouple, c = quartz window, d = Teflon O-rings, e = autoclave lid, f = rupture disc, g = valve and pressure gauge, h gaskets, i = autoclave body, k = glass insert, 1 = temperature control, m stirring bar. (Pmax 300 bar, Tmax = 150 °C) (Reproduced with permission from Ref. 7. Copyright 1983 Elsevier Sequoia.)...

Fig. 9.18 Schematic representation of autoclave set-up. Reprinted with permission from [10], 2002, Society of Plastic Engineers.

A smart closed-loop system is composed of a heating/pressure device, such as a press or autoclave, sensors able to gather data in situ from the composite part, and smart software that collects the sensor information, interprets it, and then makes decisions that control the fabrication device. The smart software combines both the predictions of the processing model and the insight of operator experience. Figure 4.20 is a schematic diagram of the FDEMS... 

Growth (see schematic in Fig. 3) is typically conducted in cylindrical steel autoclaves (lab size 1" diameter x 1 length factory 10" x 10 or more). Small Cl") relatively inexpensive quartz chunks of feed stock (frequently called nutrient)... 

Microfiltration cartridges produced for this market are often sterilized directly after manufacture and again just prior to use. Live steam, autoclaving at 120 °C, or ethylene oxide sterilization may be used, depending on the applications. A flow schematic of an ampoule-filling station (after material by Schleicher and Schuell) is shown in Figure 7.18. 

Figure 4.3. Schematic diagram and sectional views of the autoclave of the pressure-jump apparatus of Knoche and Wiese (1974) 1, conductivity cells 2, potentiometer 3, 40-kHz generator for Wheatstone bridge 4, tunable capacitors 5, piezoelectric capacitor 6, thermistor 7, 10-turn helipot for tuning bridge 8, experimental chamber 9, pressure pump 10, rupture diaphragm 11, vacuum pump 12, pressure inlet 13, heat exchanger 14, bayonet socket. [From Knoche and Wiese (1974), with permission.]...

Figure 2. Schematic of coal liquefaction apparatus. AC2 is equipped with an internal heater and AC3 is equipped with an internal cooling coil. All autoclaves and the heated fitter are equipped with pressure gauges, thermocouples, and temperature controllers.

The single-stage supercritical fluid extraction process for solid natural materials is shown schematically in Figure I. The solvent is conveyed from the low pressure to the high pressure by a pump or compressor V. Extraction is at pressure p and temperature t in extractor E, where the soluble substances are transferred from the natural material to the solvent. Normally, the extractor consists of several autoclaves connected in series in the solvent flow. In throttle valve D the solvent loaded with extract is relaxed to the lower pressure. The extract is separated from the solvent in separator A at separation pressure p and temperature t. Heat exchangers WI, W2 and W3 are installed to achieve the desired temperatures. 

A schematic representation of the experimental apparatus is shown in Figure 1. A cylindrical high pressure cell (6) with 30 ml volume was built with two sapphire windows with an optical width of 18 mm mounted in the central axis. To produce pendant drops, a narrow capillary was screwed vertically into the cell. The tip of the capillary could easily be replaced with tips of other sizes. The main components of the circulation equipment are a stirring autoclave (1) of 600 ml volume and a high pressure gear pump (2) to circulate the liquid or the supercritical gas phase depending on the position of the valves. 

Figure 1 shows the schematic diagram of the experimental apparatus used. The liquid pump supplies compressed and distilled water or a sodium hydroxide solution into the autoclave. Distilled water is compressed in the reactor, which is made of Hastelloy C-22, to a maximum pressure of 35 MPa, and it is heated to a maximum temperature of 573 K. Prior to the experiments, aluminum powder, having a grain size of 180-425 pm and 99.9% purity, was weighed to 0.5 mol... 

All pyrolysis experiments were carried out in the thermo-gravimetric apparatus (TGA) having a pressure capacity of up to 1000 psi. A schematic of the experimental unit is shown in Figure 1. It consists of the DuPont 1090 Thermal Analyzer and the microbalance reactor. The latter was enclosed inside a pressure vessel with a controlled temperature programmer and a computer data storage system. The pressure vessel was custom manufactured by Autoclave Engineers. A similar set-up was used previously by others.( )... 

Fig. 1. Schematic presentation of autoclave for hydrothermal treatment of support samples.

When a container in the conditions noted earlier is sterilized in a conventional autoclave that operates with pure saturated steam, during sterilization a considerable overpressure with respect to the pressure inside the autoclave chamber is generated in the container. This is clearly attributable to the fact that the air (or gas) that was present at filling has remained in the container, whereas the air was eliminated from the autoclave chamber at the beginning of the process. Fig. 4 schematically explains the phenomenon in ideal conditions, i.e., considering air a perfect gas. 

Figure 7.1 Schematic process flow diagram for autoclave high pressure process for production of low density polyethylene. (Reprinted with permission of John Wiley Sons, Inc., Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., h edition, 2006).

The experimental unit consists of an Autoclave Engineers Supercritical Extraction Screening System (SCESS) equipped with a 300 cc packless autoclave reactor in place of the standard extractor vessel. The schematic of the experimental unit is shown in Figure 7. The unit is composed of three sections the feed preparation section, the autoclave reactor section and the sampling section. 

An adaptation of the p-jump apparatus developed by Strehlow and Becker (1959) was introduced by Knoche and Wiese (1974). A schematic diagram and sectional views of the autoclave for this p-jump instrument using conductivity detection are shown in Fig. 3-3. This type of apparatus has been used by a number of investigators including Zhang and Sparks (1989, 1990) to study reaction rates on soil constituents. A photograph of their particular p-jump apparatus [Dia-log, DIA-RPC, Dia-Log Co., Dusseldorf, Germany is shown in Fig. 3-4. 

Figure I. Schematic illustration of a high temperature-pressure autoclave system used for simulated laboratory hydraulic stimulation...

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